تدريب Shadowing: A brief history of toilets - Francis de los Reyes - تعلم التحدث بالإنجليزية مع YouTube

C1
On sunny days, the Roman citizens of Ostia could be found on a long stone bench near the Forum.
⏸ متوقف مؤقتاً
35 جمل
إذا كانت الجمل قصيرة أو طويلة جدًا، انقر على Edit لتعديلها.
1
On sunny days, the Roman citizens of Ostia could be found on a long stone bench near the Forum.
2
Friends and neighbors exchanged news and gossip while simultaneously attending to more... urgent business.
3
These public latrines could sit up to 20 Romans at a time, draining waste in water conduits below.
4
Today, most cultures consider trips to the restroom to be a more private occasion.
5
But even when going alone, our shared sewage infrastructure is one of the most pivotal inventions in the history of humanity.
6
While many ancient religious texts contain instructions for keeping waste away from drinking water and campsites, waste management took a more familiar shape as early as 3000 BCE.
7
Ancient Mesopotamian settlements often had clay structures made for squatting or sitting in the most private room of the house.
8
These were connected to pipes which used running water to move waste into street canals and cesspits.
9
Water infrastructure like this flourished in the Bronze Age, and in some parts of the Indus Valley, nearly every house had a toilet connected to a citywide sewage system.
10
Ancient Cretan palaces even offered a manual flushing option.
11
Researchers can’t say for certain what inspired these early sewage systems, but we do know that waste management is essential for public health.
12
Untreated sewage is a breeding ground for dangerous microorganisms, including those that cause cholera, dysentery, and typhoid.
13
It would be several millennia before scientists fully understood the relationship between sewage and sickness.
14
But the noxious odors of sewage have recorded associations with disease as early as 100 BCE.
15
And by 100 AD, more complex sanitation solutions were emerging.
16
The Roman Empire had continuously flowing aqueducts dedicated to carrying waste outside city walls.
17
Chinese dynasties of the same period also had private and public toilets, except their waste was immediately recycled.
18
Most household toilets fed into pig sties, and specialized excrement collectors gathered waste from public latrines to sell as fertilizer.
19
In China, this tradition of waste management continued for centuries, but in Europe the fall of the Roman Empire brought public sanitation into the Dark Ages.
20
Pit latrines called “gongs” became commonplace, and chamber pots were frequently dumped into the street.
21
Castles ejected waste from tall windows into communal cesspits.
22
At night, so-called gong farmers would load up the waste before traveling beyond city limits to dump their cargo.
23
Europe's unsanitary approach persisted for centuries, but toilets themselves underwent some major changes.
24
By the late Middle Ages, most wealthy families had commode stools— wooden boxes with seats and lids.
25
And in the royal court of England, the commodes were controlled by the Groom of the Stool.
26
In addition to monitoring the king’s intestinal health, the Groom’s... intimate relationship with the monarch made him a surprisingly influential figure.
27
The next major leap in toilet technology came in 1596, when Sir John Harrington designed the first modern flush toilet for Queen Elizabeth.
28
Its use of levers to release water and a valve to drain the bowl still inform modern designs.
29
But Harrington’s invention stank of sewage.
30
Thankfully, in 1775, Scottish inventor Alexander Cumming added a bend in the drainpipe to retain water and limit odors.
31
This so-called S-trap was later improved into the modern U-bend by Thomas Crapper— though the term “crap” predates the inventor by several centuries.
32
By the turn of the 19th century, many cities had developed modern sewage infrastructure and wastewater treatment plants, and today, toilets have a wide range of features, from the luxurious to the sustainable.
33
But roughly 2 billion people still don’t have their own toilets at home.
34
And another 2.2 billion don’t have facilities that properly manage their waste, putting these communities at risk of numerous diseases.
35
To solve this problem, we’ll need to invent new sanitation technologies and address the behavioral, financial, and political issues that produce inequity throughout the sanitation pipeline.

تنزيل التطبيق

تقييم بالذكاء الاصطناعي لكل جملة تنطقها

امسح للتنزيل
امسح للتنزيل
Download on theApp Store
Get it onGoogle Play
TRENDING

الأكثر شعبية

حول هذا الدرس

في هذا الدرس، سوف تتعلم كيفية استخدام المصطلحات الأساسية المتعلقة بتاريخ المراحيض وأهميتها في الحضارات القديمة. سنركز على فهم كيف تطورت أنظمة الصرف الصحي وكيف أثرت على الصحة العامة. سيتم تضمين عبارات مفيدة تساعدك في التحدث عن هذا الموضوع بشكل أكثر دقة ووضوح. هذا سيساعدك على تحسين مهاراتك في تعلم الإنجليزية مع يوتيوب من خلال ممارسة النطق والاستماع الفعّال.

المفردات والعبارات الرئيسية

  • مراحيض عامة (Public latrines)
  • إدارة النفايات (Waste management)
  • الصرف الصحي (Sewage)
  • المستودعات (Cesspits)
  • جهاز التحسين (Flush toilet)
  • الصحة العامة (Public health)
  • التكنولوجيا الصحية (Sanitation technology)
  • الانبعاثات الضارة (Noxious odors)

نصائح الممارسة

لتطوير مهاراتك في النطق، يمكنك استخدام طريقة التظليل في الإنجليزية. اتبع أسلوب shadow speech عبر الاستماع إلى الفيديو والتركيز على نبرة الصوت وسرعته. حاول الظل أو تقليد المتحدث أثناء مشاهدتك، مما يعزز فهمك للموضوع ويجعل التعلم أكثر تشويقًا. للبدء، اختر مقاطع قصيرة من الفيديو، وركز على التكرار في الجمل. ستساعدك هذه الطريقة على تحسين مرونتك في التواصل، بينما تستمتع بالمحتوى التعليمي عبر shadowing site المفضل لديك.

استمتع بعملية التعلم، وتذكر أن المعرفة هي المفتاح لتحسين مهاراتك اللغوية!

ما هي تقنية التظليل الصوتي؟

التظليل الصوتي (Shadowing) تقنية تعلم لغة مدعومة علمياً، طُورت أصلاً لتدريب المترجمين الفوريين المحترفين. الطريقة بسيطة لكنها قوية: تستمع لصوت إنجليزي أصلي وتكرره فوراً بصوت عالٍ — كظل يتبع المتحدث بتأخير 1-2 ثانية. تُظهر الأبحاث تحسناً كبيراً في دقة النطق والتنغيم والإيقاع وربط الأصوات والاستماع والطلاقة.

☕ اشترِ لنا قهوة