Pratique du Shadowing: How brain parasites change their host's behavior - Jaap de Roode - Apprendre l'anglais à l'oral avec YouTube

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Which of these entities has evolved the ability to manipulate an animal many times its size?
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Which of these entities has evolved the ability to manipulate an animal many times its size?
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The answer is all of them.
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These are all parasites, organisms that live on or inside another host organism, which they harm and sometimes even kill.
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Parasite survival depends on transmitting from one host to the next, sometimes through an intermediate species.
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Our parasites elegantly achieve this by manipulating their host's behavior, sometimes through direct brain hijacking.
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For example, this is the Gordian worm.
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One of its hosts, this cricket.
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The Gordian worm needs water to mate, but the cricket prefers dry land.
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So once it's big enough to reproduce, the worm produces proteins that garble the cricket's navigational system.
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The confused cricket jumps around erratically, moves closer to water, and eventually leaps in, often drowning in the process.
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The worm then wriggles out to mate and its eggs get eaten by little water insects that mature, colonize land, and are, in turn, eaten by new crickets.
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And thus, the Gordian worm lives on.
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And here's the rabies virus, another mind-altering parasite.
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This virus infects mammals, often dogs, and travels up the animal's nerves to its brain where it causes inflammation that eventually kills the host.
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But before it does, it often increases its host's aggressiveness and ramps up the production of rabies-transmitting saliva, while making it hard to swallow.
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These factors make the host more likely to bite another animal and more likely to pass the virus on when it does.
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And now, meet Ophiocordyceps, also known as the zombie fungus.
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Its host of choice is tropical ants that normally live in treetops.
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After Ophiocordyceps spores pierce the ant's exoskeleton, they set off convulsions that make the ant fall from the tree.
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The fungus changes the ant's behavior, compelling it to wander mindlessly until it stumbles onto a plant leaf with the perfect fungal breeding conditions, which it latches onto.
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The ant then dies, and the fungus parasitizes its body to build a tall, thin stalk from its neck.
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Within several weeks, the stalk shoots off spores, which turn more ants into six-legged leaf-seeking zombies.
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One of humanity's most deadly assailants is a behavior-altering parasite, though if it's any consolation, it's not our brains that are being hijacked.
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I'm talking about Plasmodium, which causes malaria.
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This parasite needs mosquitoes to shuttle it between hosts, so it makes them bite more frequently and for longer.
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There's also evidence that humans infected with malaria are more attractive to mosquitoes, which will bite them and transfer the parasite further.
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This multi-species system is so effective, that there are hundreds of millions of malaria cases every year.
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And finally, there are cats.
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Don't worry, there probably aren't any cats living in your body and controlling your thoughts.
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I mean, probably.
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But there is a microorganism called Toxoplasma that needs both cats and rodents to complete its life cycle.
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When a rat gets infected by eating cat feces, the parasite changes chemical levels in the rat's brain, making it less cautious around the hungry felines, maybe even attracted to them.
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This makes them easy prey, so these infected rodents get eaten and pass the parasite on.
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Mind control successful.
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There's even evidence that the parasite affects human behavior.
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In most cases, we don't completely understand how these parasites manage their feats of behavior modification.
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But from what we do know, we can tell that they have a pretty diverse toolbox.
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Gordian worms seem to affect crickets' brains directly.
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The malaria parasite, on the other hand, blocks an enzyme that helps the mosquitoes feed, forcing them to bite over and over and over again.
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The rabies virus may cause that snarling, slobbering behavior by putting the immune system into overdrive.
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But whatever the method, when you think about how effectively these parasites control the behavior of their hosts, you may wonder how much of human behavior is actually parasites doing the talking.
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Since more than half of the species on Earth are parasites, it could be more than we think.

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Why practice speaking with this video?

Engaging with the video "How brain parasites change their host's behavior" presents a unique opportunity for English learners to practice speaking in a captivating context. The subject of brain parasites and their effects on various hosts provides not only scientific knowledge but also a rich tapestry of vocabulary and expressions. By using a shadowing app, learners can mimic the speaker's tone and intonation, enhancing their pronunciation and fluency. This method, known as shadow speech, allows learners to internalize complex structures while discussing an intriguing topic that fosters curiosity and engagement.

Grammar & Expressions in Context

The video's narrator utilizes several key grammatical structures and expressions that English learners can practice:

  • “The answer is all of them.” - This direct statement emphasizes clarity and provides a straightforward response, which is useful in conversations where conclusions are drawn.
  • “These are all parasites, organisms that live on or inside another host organism.” - This sentence demonstrates the use of defining relative clauses, which are essential for providing additional information and clarifying meaning.
  • “The confused cricket jumps around erratically.” - The adverb "erratically" highlights how precise adverb placement can affect the meaning and imagery of a sentence.
  • “It needs water to mate.” - This simple present tense expression is key for discussing facts and habits, making it valuable for everyday conversations.
  • “Mind control successful.” - This colloquial expression is catchy and prompts learners to explore how to convey ideas succinctly.

Common Pronunciation Traps

In the video, several words and phrases may pose pronunciation challenges:

  • "Parasite" - Pay attention to the soft 's' sound and the emphasis on the first syllable.
  • "Ophiocordyceps" - This lengthy and complex word can be daunting; try breaking it down into syllables: O-phi-o-cor-dy-ceps, focusing on the rhythm as you practice.
  • "Gordian worm" - The combination of "Gordian" and "worm" requires smooth transitions; practicing with a shadow speak approach can help.
  • "Aggressiveness" - Notice the stress on the second syllable; ensuring clarity here can convey confidence while speaking.

By engaging with the content through shadowing techniques and focusing on these grammar structures and pronunciation traps, learners can significantly enhance their English speaking skills, making discussions not just more fluent but also more engaging.

Qu'est-ce que la technique du Shadowing ?

Le Shadowing est une technique d'apprentissage des langues fondée sur la science, développée à l'origine pour la formation des interprètes professionnels. Le principe est simple mais puissant : vous écoutez de l'anglais natif et le répétez immédiatement à voix haute — comme une ombre suivant le locuteur avec un décalage de 1 à 2 secondes. Les recherches montrent une amélioration significative de la précision de la prononciation, de l'intonation, du rythme, des liaisons, de la compréhension orale et de la fluidité.

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