Pratique du Shadowing: How computer memory works - Kanawat Senanan - Apprendre l'anglais à l'oral avec YouTube

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In many ways, our memories make us who we are, helping us remember our past, learn and retain skills, and plan for the future.
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In many ways, our memories make us who we are, helping us remember our past, learn and retain skills, and plan for the future.
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And for the computers that often act as extensions of ourselves, memory plays much the same role, whether it's a two-hour movie, a two-word text file, or the instructions for opening either, everything in a computer's memory takes the form of basic units called bits, or binary digits.
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Each of these is stored in a memory cell that can switch between two states for two possible values, 0 and 1.
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Files and programs consist of millions of these bits, all processed in the central processing unit, or CPU, that acts as the computer's brain.
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And as the number of bits needing to be processed grows exponentially, computer designers face a constant struggle between size, cost, and speed.
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Like us, computers have short-term memory for immediate tasks, and long-term memory for more permanent storage.
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When you run a program, your operating system allocates area within the short-term memory for performing those instructions.
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For example, when you press a key in a word processor, the CPU will access one of these locations to retrieve bits of data.
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It could also modify them, or create new ones.
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The time this takes is known as the memory's latency.
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And because program instructions must be processed quickly and continuously, all locations within the short-term memory can be accessed in any order, hence the name random access memory.
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The most common type of RAM is dynamic RAM, or DRAM.
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There, each memory cell consists of a tiny transistor and a capacitor that store electrical charges, a 0 when there's no charge, or a 1 when charged.
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Such memory is called dynamic because it only holds charges briefly before they leak away, requiring periodic recharging to retain data.
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But even its low latency of 100 nanoseconds is too long for modern CPUs, so there's also a small, high-speed internal memory cache made from static RAM.
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That's usually made up of six interlocked transistors which don't need refreshing.
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SRAM is the fastest memory in a computer system, but also the most expensive, and takes up three times more space than DRAM.
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But RAM and cache can only hold data as long as they're powered.
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For data to remain once the device is turned off, it must be transferred into a long-term storage device, which comes in three major types.
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In magnetic storage, which is the cheapest, data is stored as a magnetic pattern on a spinning disc coated with magnetic film.
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But because the disc must rotate to where the data is located in order to be read, the latency for such drives is 100,000 times slower than that of DRAM.
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On the other hand, optical-based storage like DVD and Blu-ray also uses spinning discs, but with a reflective coating.
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Bits are encoded as light and dark spots using a dye that can be read by a laser.
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While optical storage media are cheap and removable, they have even slower latencies than magnetic storage and lower capacity as well.
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Finally, the newest and fastest types of long-term storage are solid-state drives, like flash sticks.
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These have no moving parts, instead using floating gate transistors that store bits by trapping or removing electrical charges within their specially designed internal structures.
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So how reliable are these billions of bits?
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We tend to think of computer memory as stable and permanent, but it actually degrades fairly quickly.
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The heat generated from a device and its environment will eventually demagnetize hard drives, degrade the dye in optical media, and cause charge leakage in floating gates.
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Solid-state drives also have an additional weakness.
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Repeatedly writing to floating gate transistors corrodes them, eventually rendering them useless.
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With data on most current storage media having less than a ten-year life expectancy, scientists are working to exploit the physical properties of materials down to the quantum level in the hopes of making memory devices faster, smaller, and more durable.
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For now, immortality remains out of reach, for humans and computers alike.

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About This Lesson

In this lesson, you will learn about how computer memory functions, drawing parallels between human memory and the memory systems of computers. You will practice speaking skills by shadowing the engaging explanations provided in the video. By the end of this session, you should be able to describe the various types of computer memory, including short-term and long-term storage, and understand their respective roles in the functioning of a computer. This lesson emphasizes not only vocabulary acquisition but also the importance of rhythm and intonation in spoken English.

Key Vocabulary & Phrases

  • Memory cells: The basic units in computer memory that store binary digits.
  • Random Access Memory (RAM): A type of short-term memory that allows data to be accessed in any order.
  • Static RAM (SRAM): A faster type of memory that does not require refreshing.
  • Dynamic RAM (DRAM): A type of RAM that needs to be recharged periodically.
  • Long-term storage: Memory types that retain data after the device is powered off.
  • Latency: The time it takes to access data in memory.
  • Solid-State Drive (SSD): A type of long-term storage with no moving parts, using transistors to store data.
  • Magnetic storage: Data stored as magnetic patterns on rotating discs.

Practice Tips

To effectively use the shadowing technique while engaging with this video, it is essential to focus on both the speed and the tone of the speaker, Kanawat Senanan. Start by listening attentively to the audio without speaking, allowing you to familiarize yourself with the content and flow. Once you feel comfortable, utilize a shadowing app or method to repeat the phrases simultaneously as they are spoken. Pay close attention to where the speaker emphasizes key terms, such as "dynamic RAM" or "solid-state drives," and mimic this emphasis in your practice.

Incorporate pauses after important concepts to ensure that you fully understand their meanings before moving forward. This not only aids in retention but also helps you develop a natural rhythm in your speech. If you find certain segments challenging, don't hesitate to slow down the playback speed. The shadowspeaks technique encourages you to find your pace while shadowing, enabling you to speak with confidence and clarity.

By regularly practicing with this video and employing these techniques, you will enhance your speaking abilities and gain a deeper understanding of complex subjects, making you a more versatile English speaker.

Qu'est-ce que la technique du Shadowing ?

Le Shadowing est une technique d'apprentissage des langues fondée sur la science, développée à l'origine pour la formation des interprètes professionnels. Le principe est simple mais puissant : vous écoutez de l'anglais natif et le répétez immédiatement à voix haute — comme une ombre suivant le locuteur avec un décalage de 1 à 2 secondes. Les recherches montrent une amélioration significative de la précision de la prononciation, de l'intonation, du rythme, des liaisons, de la compréhension orale et de la fluidité.

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