Pratique du Shadowing: How does alcohol make you drunk? - Judy Grisel - Apprendre l'anglais à l'oral avec YouTube

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Ethanol.
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Ethanol.
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This molecule, made of little more than a few carbon atoms,
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is responsible for drunkenness.
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Often simply referred to as alcohol,
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ethanol is the active ingredient in alcoholic beverages.
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Its simplicity helps it sneak across membranes and nestle into many different nooks,
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producing a wide range of effects compared to other, clunkier molecules.
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So how exactly does it cause drunkenness?
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And why does it have dramatically different effects on different people?
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To answer these questions, we'll need to follow alcohol on its journey through the body.
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Alcohol lands in the stomach and is absorbed into the blood through the digestive tract,
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especially the small intestine.
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The contents of the stomach impact alcohol's ability to get into the blood,
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because after eating, the pyloric sphincter,
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which separates the stomach from the small intestine, closes.
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So the level of alcohol
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that reaches the blood after a big meal might only be a quarter that from the same drink on an empty stomach.
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From the blood, alcohol goes to the organs,
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especially those that get the most blood flow,
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the liver and the brain.
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It hits the liver first,
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and enzymes in the liver break down the alcohol molecule in two steps.
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First, an enzyme called ADH turns alcohol into acetaldehyde, which is toxic.
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Then, an enzyme called ALDH converts the toxic acetaldehyde to non-toxic acetate.
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As the blood circulates, the liver eliminates alcohol continuously.
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But this first path of elimination determines how much alcohol reaches the brain and other organs.
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Brain sensitivity is responsible for the emotional,
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cognitive and behavioral effects of alcohol, otherwise known as drunkenness.
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Alcohol turns up the brain's primary brake,
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the neurotransmitter GABA, and turns down its primary gas, the neurotransmitter glutamate.
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This makes neurons much less communicative,
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and users feel relaxed at moderate doses,
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fall asleep at higher doses,
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and can impede the brain activity necessary for survival at toxic doses.
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Alcohol also stimulates a small group of neurons that extends from the midbrain to the nucleus accumbens,
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a region important for motivation.
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Like all addictive drugs, it prompts a squirt of dopamine in the nucleus accumbens,
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which gives users a surge of pleasure.
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Alcohol also causes some neurons to synthesize and release endorphins.
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Endorphins help us to calm down in response to stress or danger.
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Elevated levels of endorphins contribute to the euphoria and relaxation...
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...associated with alcohol consumption.
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Finally, as the liver's breakdown of alcohol outpaces the brain's absorption...
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...drunkenness fades away.
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Individual differences at any point in this journey...
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...can cause people to act more or less drunk.
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For example, a man and a woman who weigh the same and drink the same amount during an identical meal
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will still have different blood alcohol concentrations, or BACs.
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This is because women tend to have less blood.
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Women generally have a higher percentage of fat,
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which requires less blood than muscle.
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A smaller blood volume carrying the same amount of alcohol means the concentration will be higher for women.
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Genetic differences in the liver's alcohol-processing enzymes also influence BAC,
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and regular drinking can increase production of these enzymes, contributing to tolerance.
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On the other hand, those who drink excessively for a long time may develop liver damage,
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which has the opposite effect.
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Meanwhile, genetic differences in dopamine,
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GABA, and endorphin transmission may contribute to risk for developing an alcohol use disorder.
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Those with naturally low endorphin or dopamine levels may self-medicate through drinking.
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Some people have a higher risk for excessive drinking due to a sensitive endorphin response that increases the pleasurable effects of alcohol.
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Others have a variation in GABA transmission that makes them especially sensitive to the sedative effects of alcohol,
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which decreases their risk of developing disordered drinking.
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Meanwhile, the brain adapts to chronic alcohol consumption by reducing GABA,
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dopamine and endorphin transmission transmission and enhancing glutamate activity.
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This means regular drinkers tend to be anxious,
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have trouble sleeping and experience less pleasure.
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These structural and functional changes can lead to disordered use when drinking feels normal but not drinking is uncomfortable,
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establishing a vicious cycle.
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So both genetics and previous experience impact how a person experiences alcohol,
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which means that some people are more prone to certain patterns of drinking than others,
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and a history of consumption leads to neural and behavioral changes.
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Similar to alcohol, how someone experiences marijuana depends on a number of factors,
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including, for example, genetics.
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Find out more about the effects and risks of marijuana use with this video.
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Context & Background

In the engaging video "How does alcohol make you drunk?" presented by Judy Grisel, viewers are taken on a scientific journey to understand the effects of alcohol on the human body. Grisel breaks down the complexity of alcohol, focusing on ethanol, the active ingredient that induces drunkenness. Through her explanation, she provides insights into the physiological and neurological processes that govern how alcohol interacts with our systems. This understanding is crucial for learners, as it not only enriches vocabulary related to health and science but also enhances comprehension of complex explanations in English.

Top 5 Phrases for Daily Communication

  • Ethanol: The simple molecule responsible for the effects of alcoholic beverages.
  • Absorbed into the blood: Refers to how alcohol enters the bloodstream, impacting its effects.
  • Neurotransmitters: Chemical messengers in the brain that are affected by alcohol consumption.
  • Dopamine surge: The release of this neurotransmitter contributes to feelings of pleasure.
  • Blood alcohol concentration (BAC): A measure that varies among individuals based on several factors, including weight and gender.

Step-by-step Shadowing Guide

To effectively practice your English speaking skills using this video, consider the following shadowing technique steps that take advantage of the content:

  1. Watch and Listen: Start by watching the video and listening carefully to Judy Grisel's pronunciation, intonation, and pacing. This will help you understand the context and flow of the language.
  2. First Shadow: Play the video again, and attempt to repeat what Judy says immediately after she speaks, mimicking her speech. Use a shadowing app or recording tool to track your voice against hers.
  3. Focus on Key Phrases: Concentrate on the top phrases listed above. Practice them repeatedly to build familiarity, ensuring you understand their meanings and usage within context.
  4. Analyze the Language: Pay attention to the specific words and phrases that are crucial to understanding alcohol’s effects. Use a shadow speech approach, emphasizing these terms through repetition and variation in tone.
  5. Record and Review: After several attempts, record yourself speaking along with the video. Listen back to identify areas for improvement and to refine your pronunciation and variety.

Utilizing this shadowing site will help elevate your English speaking capabilities while gaining knowledge on an interesting and complex topic. Stick with the practice, and gradually your fluency and comprehension can reach new heights.

Qu'est-ce que la technique du Shadowing ?

Le Shadowing est une technique d'apprentissage des langues fondée sur la science, développée à l'origine pour la formation des interprètes professionnels. Le principe est simple mais puissant : vous écoutez de l'anglais natif et le répétez immédiatement à voix haute — comme une ombre suivant le locuteur avec un décalage de 1 à 2 secondes. Les recherches montrent une amélioration significative de la précision de la prononciation, de l'intonation, du rythme, des liaisons, de la compréhension orale et de la fluidité.

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