Pratique du Shadowing: The immortal cells of Henrietta Lacks - Robin Bulleri - Apprendre l'anglais à l'oral avec YouTube

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Imagine something small enough to float on a particle of dust that holds the keys to understanding cancer, virology, and genetics.
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Imagine something small enough to float on a particle of dust that holds the keys to understanding cancer, virology, and genetics.
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Luckily for us, such a thing exists in the form of trillions upon trillions of human lab-grown cells called HeLa.
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Let's take a step back for a second.
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Scientists grow human cells in the lab to study how they function, understand how diseases develop, and test new treatments without endangering patients.
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To make sure that they can repeat these experiments over and over, and compare the results with other scientists, they need huge populations of identical cells that can duplicate themselves faithfully for years, but until 1951, all human cell lines that researchers tried to grow had died after a few days.
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Then a John Hopkins scientist named George Gey received a sample of a strange looking tumor: dark purple, shiny, jelly-like.
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This sample was special.
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Some of its cells just kept dividing, and dividing, and dividing.
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When individual cells died, generations of copies took their place and thrived.
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The result was an endless source of identical cells that's still around today.
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The very first immortal human cell line.
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Gey labeled it "HeLa" after the patient with the unusual tumor, Henrietta Lacks.
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Born on a tobacco farm in Virginia, she lived in Baltimore with her husband and five children.
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She died of aggressive cervical cancer a few months after her tumorous cells were harvested, and she never knew about them.
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So what's so special about the cells from Henrietta Lacks that lets them survive when other cell lines die?
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The short answer is we don't entirely know.
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Normal human cells have built-in control mechanisms.
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They can divide about 50 times before they self destruct in a process called apoptosis.
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This prevents the propagation of genetic errors that creep in after repeated rounds of division.
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But cancer cells ignore these signals, dividing indefinitely and crowding out normal cells.
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Still, most cell lines eventually die off, especially outside the human body.
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Not HeLa, though, and that's the part we can't yet explain.
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Regardless, when Dr. Gey realized he had the first immortal line of human cells, he sent samples to labs all over the world.
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Soon the world's first cell production facility was churning out 6 trillion HeLa cells a week, and scientists put them to work in an ethically problematic way, building careers and fortunes off of Henrietta's cells without her or her family's consent, or even knowledge until decades later.
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The polio epidemic was at its peak in the early 50s.
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HeLa cells, which easily took up and replicated the virus, allowed Jonas Salk to test his vaccine.
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They've been used to study diseases, including measles, mumps, HIV, and ebola.
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We know that human cells have 46 chromosomes because a scientist working with HeLa discovered a chemcial that makes chromosomes visible.
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HeLa cells themselves actually have around 80 highly mutated chromosomes.
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HeLa cells were the first to be cloned.
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They've traveled to outer space.
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Telomerase, an enzyme that helps cancer cells evade destruction by repairing their DNA, was discovered first in HeLa cells.
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In an interesting turn of fate, thanks to HeLa, we know that cervical cancer can be caused by a virus called HPV and now there's a vaccine.
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HeLa-fueled discoveries have filled thousands of scientific papers, and that number is probably even higher than anyone knows.
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HeLa cells are so resilient that they can travel on almost any surface: a lab worker's hand, a piece of dust, invading cultures of other cells and taking over like weeds, countless cures, patents and discoveries all made thanks to Henrieta Lacks.

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Context & Background

In the TEDx talk titled "The immortal cells of Henrietta Lacks," Robin Bulleri discusses the extraordinary story of HeLa cells. These cells, derived from Henrietta Lacks, have revolutionized medical research since their discovery in 1951. They possess unique properties that allow them to replicate indefinitely, proving indispensable in scientific studies focused on cancer, virology, and genetics. This presentation not only highlights the scientific significance of HeLa cells but also prompts discussions about ethics in medical research, particularly regarding consent and the use of human biological materials.

Top 5 Phrases for Daily Communication

  • “They kept dividing and dividing.” - This phrase illustrates the continuous and unexpected growth of HeLa cells, emphasizing their unique immortality.
  • “We don't entirely know.” - Use this expression when discussing uncertainties in science or everyday matters, showcasing openness to questioning and exploration.
  • “An endless source of identical cells.” - This can refer to any subject that has unlimited availability, useful in conversations about resources or products.
  • “Building careers and fortunes off of...” - A critical phrase for discussing the ethical implications tied to benefits gained from someone's sacrifice or contribution.
  • “Thanks to HeLa, we know...” - This structure is helpful when attributing knowledge to specific events or discoveries, enhancing clarity in communication.

Step-by-step Shadowing Guide

To effectively use shadowing techniques while watching Bulleri's talk, follow this guide to help improve your English pronunciation and speaking skills:

  1. Watch Actively: Begin by watching the video without speaking. Pay attention to Bulleri's intonation, rhythm, and speech patterns. Take notes on phrases that resonate with you.
  2. Practice Repetition: Start using the shadow speech method by repeating sentences immediately after hearing them. Focus on mimicking pronunciation and emotion. This is essential for refining your accent and overall fluency.
  3. Break it Down: If specific sentences are challenging, break them into smaller parts. Repeat each segment until you feel comfortable, gradually piecing the sentences back together.
  4. Record Yourself: Use a recording device to capture your voice as you practice. Listen back to identify areas needing improvement in your pronunciation and pacing.
  5. Consistent Practice: Incorporate this shadowing technique into your daily English speaking practice. Revisit the video multiple times to build confidence and enhance your language skills over time.

By following this guide, you can make significant strides in your English speaking abilities, while also deepening your understanding of scientific concepts presented in the talk. Engaging with challenging content not only enriches vocabulary but also promotes a meaningful dialogue about ethics and innovation in science.

Qu'est-ce que la technique du Shadowing ?

Le Shadowing est une technique d'apprentissage des langues fondée sur la science, développée à l'origine pour la formation des interprètes professionnels. Le principe est simple mais puissant : vous écoutez de l'anglais natif et le répétez immédiatement à voix haute — comme une ombre suivant le locuteur avec un décalage de 1 à 2 secondes. Les recherches montrent une amélioration significative de la précision de la prononciation, de l'intonation, du rythme, des liaisons, de la compréhension orale et de la fluidité.

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