Pratique du Shadowing: What’s the best way to lift people out of poverty? - Apprendre l'anglais à l'oral avec YouTube

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In 2018, a non-profit gave every adult in western Kenya’s Ahenyo village $500.
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In 2018, a non-profit gave every adult in western Kenya’s Ahenyo village $500.
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Most of their families had lived in extreme poverty for generations, and this sum was roughly equivalent to most recipients’ annual salaries.
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Despite all this, the money came with no strings attached outside a commitment to speak with researchers after two years.
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They hoped this influx of cash would lift the villagers out of poverty.
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But they also knew this could easily be the latest in a long line of failed philanthropic interventions.
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In the 1960s, charitable organizations began ramping up their philanthropic efforts, spending billions funding education, job training, agricultural development, infrastructure projects, and health care programs in attempts to help poor countries.
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These programs hoped to create a springboard of knowledge and capital that would foster financial independence and bolster struggling economies.
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But when economists started studying this kind of aid in the late 90s and early 2000s, they made some surprising discoveries.
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After running various randomized control trials, where one group received education or job training and another group did not, the researchers found this kind of aid often had minimal impact.
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School supplies failed to improve education.
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Job training didn’t always raise incomes.
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And the benefits of nutrition education varied dramatically from group to group.
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These disappointing results even extended to newer philanthropic models.
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At this time, many theorists advocated heavily for microfinance, a model that offered small loans to aspiring entrepreneurs in weak economies.
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But while microfinance recipients consistently repaid their loans with interest, the programs failed to meaningfully raise their incomes.
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All these failures led researchers to consider a strategy many considered ridiculous: direct cash giving.
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Most philanthropists saw this approach as the worst kind of shortsighted philanthropy.
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They assumed recipients would quickly spend the cash and then end up back where they started.
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But when researchers returned to Ahenyo two years later, the results were astonishing.
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Business revenues were up 65%.
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Families saved more and ate more.
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Kids were doing better in school.
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There was less alcoholism, depression, domestic violence, and inequality between families.
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And these impacts weren’t unique to Ahenyo.
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Since this study, direct cash giving has become one of the most researched poverty interventions, and it's consistently shown impacts that often exceed traditional aid programs.
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In fact, a subsequent study spanning hundreds of Kenyan villages found the surrounding economy grew by more than twice what was given out just a year after the cash transfers.
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However, direct cash giving isn’t a silver bullet.
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Poverty is a generational issue that requires long-term changes to solve; and since this intervention is relatively new, we still don’t fully understand the effects of cash giving on extended timelines.
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For example, a Ugandan study beginning in 2008 found that while a cash transfer improved some families’ earnings over the first four years, the positive effect disappeared after the next five years.
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Then it returned again under the pressure of the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Clearly, we still have a lot to learn about how cash giving unfolds over time.
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But regardless of what we learn in the future, the theory for why direct cash giving works can help change how we think about poverty today.
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Where traditional aid programs assume that philanthropists have the best knowledge of a community's needs, cash giving programs believe the people experiencing poverty best understand what they need to escape it.
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For example, perhaps for one person, repairing their home is more important to long-term success than starting a new business.
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And for another, ensuring their child can finish school might allow them to bring in more money in the future.
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Fortunately, we can afford this kind of help.
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Today, wealthy countries spend $200 billion a year in international aid, and philanthropists have a trillion and a half more sitting in private foundations.
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We already have the means to eliminate extreme poverty.
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But doing so will require these institutions to trust the expertise of the people actually living in these conditions.

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About This Lesson

In this lesson, you will practice your English speaking skills through the analysis of an intriguing study about poverty alleviation methods. You'll explore how direct cash giving has shown remarkable effects on communities, especially in a case study from Ahenyo village in Kenya. By focusing on this impactful topic, you will enhance your listening and speaking abilities, making use of specific phrases and vocabulary that relate to social issues, economics, and philanthropy. This lesson is designed to help you not only improve your English pronunciation but also deepen your understanding of an important global issue.

Key Vocabulary & Phrases

  • Extreme poverty - A state of severe deprivation of basic human needs.
  • Philanthropy - The desire to promote the welfare of others, often expressed by the donation of money to good causes.
  • Cash transfers - Providing individuals or families with money directly, without any strings attached.
  • Economic growth - An increase in the production of goods and services in a country or region over time.
  • Microfinance - Financial services offered to low-income individuals or groups who lack access to typical banking services.
  • Community needs - The essential requirements of a specific group of people, often used in the context of social services.
  • Trust the expertise - The belief in the knowledge and skills of individuals based on their experiences.
  • Generational issue - A problem that persists through multiple generations of a family or community.

Practice Tips

To make the most of this lesson, consider using the shadowing technique as you listen to the video. First, play the video at a comfortable speed that allows you to comprehend the content. Focus on the speaker's intonation, rhythm, and pauses. As you listen, try to repeat what the speaker says in real-time. This will help improve your English speaking practice and improve English pronunciation.

Start by practicing short segments. Play a sentence or two and then pause the video, allowing yourself to repeat those phrases. Use the shadowspeak technique; echo every word that resonates with you or is new. By saying the words aloud, you not only reinforce your memory but also gain confidence in your speaking abilities. As you grow more comfortable, gradually increase the speed until you can keep pace with the original audio.

Remember that this lesson not only aims to enhance your linguistic skills but also to engage you with enlightening content. Use this as an opportunity to reflect on the broader implications of aid and community support while practicing your English!

Qu'est-ce que la technique du Shadowing ?

Le Shadowing est une technique d'apprentissage des langues fondée sur la science, développée à l'origine pour la formation des interprètes professionnels. Le principe est simple mais puissant : vous écoutez de l'anglais natif et le répétez immédiatement à voix haute — comme une ombre suivant le locuteur avec un décalage de 1 à 2 secondes. Les recherches montrent une amélioration significative de la précision de la prononciation, de l'intonation, du rythme, des liaisons, de la compréhension orale et de la fluidité.

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