シャドーイング練習: E.O. Wilson: Advice to young scientists - YouTubeで英語スピーキングを学ぶ
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Reviewer Gopalco
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Reviewer Gopalco
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What I'm going to do is to just give a few notes,
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and this is from a book I'm preparing called Letters to a Young Scientist.
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And I thought it'd be appropriate to present it on the basis
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that I have had extensive experience in teaching counseling sciences across the broad array of fields.
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And you might like to hear some of the principles that I've developed in doing that teaching and counseling.
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So let me begin by urging you,
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particularly you on the youngster side,
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on this path you've chosen to go as far as you can.
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The world needs you badly.
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Humanity is now fully into the techno-scientific age.
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There's going to be no turning back.
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Although varying among disciplines, say astrophysics,
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molecular genetics, to immunology, to microbiology,
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to public health, to the new area of the human body of the symbiont,
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to public health, environmental science,
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Knowledge in medical science and science overall is doubling every 15 to 20 years.
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Technology is increasing at a comparable rate.
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Between them, the two already pervade,
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as most of you here seated realize,
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every dimension of human life.
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So swift is the velocity of the techno-scientific revolution,
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so startling in its countless twists and turns that no one can predict its outcome,
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even a decade from the present moment.
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There'll come a time, of course,
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when the exponential growth of discovery and knowledge,
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which actually began in the 1600s,
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has to peak and level off,
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but that's not going to matter to you.
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The revolution is going to continue for at least several more decades.
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It'll render the human condition radically different from what it is today.
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Traditional fields of study are going to continue to grow and in so doing,
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inevitably they will meet and create new disciplines.
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In time, all of science will come to be a continuum of description and explanation of networks of principles and laws.
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That's why you need not just be training in one specialty,
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but also acquire breadth in other fields related to and even distant from your own initial choice.
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Keep your your eyes lifted and your head turning.
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The thirst for knowledge is in our genes.
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It was put there by our distant ancestors who spread across the world and it's never going to be quenched.
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To understand
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and use it sanely as a part of the civilization yet
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to evolve requires a vastly larger population of scientifically trained people like you In education,
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medicine, law, diplomacy, government, business,
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and the media that exists today,
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our political leaders need at least a modest degree of scientific literacy,
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which most badly lack today.
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No applause, please.
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It will be better for all if they prepared before entering office rather than learning on the job.
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Therefore, you will do well to act on the side,
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no matter how far into the laboratory you may go to serve as teachers during the span of your career.
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I'll now proceed quickly and before else to a subject
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that is both a vital asset and a potential barrier to a scientific career.
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If you are a bit short in mathematical skills, don't worry.
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Many of the most successful scientists at work today are mathematically semi-literate.
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A metaphor will serve here,
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where elite mathematicians and statisticians and theorists often serve as architects in the expanding realm of science.
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The remaining large majority of basic applied scientists,
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including a large portion of those who could be said to be of the first rank,
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are the ones who map the terrain,
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they scout the frontiers, they cut the pathways,
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they raised the buildings along the way.
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Some may have considered me foolhardy,
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but it's been my habit to brush aside the fear of mathematics when talking to candidate scientists.
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During 41 years of teaching biology at Harvard,
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I watched sadly as bright students turned away from the possibility of a scientific career
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or even from taking non-required courses in in science because they were afraid of failure.
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These math phobes deprived science and medicine of immeasurable amounts of badly needed talent.
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Here's how to relax your anxieties if you have them.
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Understand that mathematics is a language ruled like other verbal languages,
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unlike verbal languages generally, by its own grammar and system of logic.
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Any person with average quantitative intelligence who learns to read and write mathematics at an elementary level will,
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as in verbal languages, have little difficulty picking up most of the fundamentals
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if they choose to master the math speak of most disciplines of science.
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The longer you wait to become at least semi-literate,
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the harder language of mathematics will be to master,
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just as again in any verbal language,
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but it can be done as in any age,
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I speak as an authority on that subject because I'm an extreme case.
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I didn't take algebra until my freshman year at the University of Alabama.
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They didn't teach it before then.
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I finally got around to calculus as a 32-year-old tenured professor
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at Harvard where I sat uncomfortably in classes with undergraduate students little more than half my age.
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A couple of them were students in a course I was giving on evolutionary biology.
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I swallowed my pride and I learned calculus.
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I found out that in science and all its applications,
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what is crucial is not that technical ability,
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but it is imagination and all of its applications.
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The ability to form concepts with images of entities and processes pictured by intuition.
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I found out that advances in science rarely come upstream.
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From an ability to stand on a blackboard and conjure images from unfolding mathematical proposition and equations,
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they are instead the products of downstream imagination leading to hard work during
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which mathematical reasoning may or may not prove to be relevant.
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Ideas emerge when a part of the real or imagined world is studied for its own sake.
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The foremost important is a thorough,
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well-organized knowledge
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of all that is known of the relevant entities and processes that might be involved in that domain you propose to enter.
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When something new is discovered as logical,
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then one of the follow-up steps is to find the mathematical and statistical methods to move its analysis forward.
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If that step proves too difficult,
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The person or team that made the discovery,
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a mathematician can then be added by them as a collaborator.
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Consider the following principle, which I will modestly call Wilson's principle number one.
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It is far easier for scientists,
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including medical researchers, to acquire needed collaboration in mathematics
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and statistics than it is for mathematicians and statisticians to find scientists able to make use of their equations.
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It's important in choosing the direction you take in science is to find the subject of your level,
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at your level of competence that interests you deeply and focus on that.
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Keep in mind then, Wilson's second principle.
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For every scientist, whether researcher,
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technician, teacher, manager, or businessman,
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working at any level of mathematical competence,
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there exists a discipline in science or medicine for which that level is enough to achieve excellence.
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Now, I'm going to offer,
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quickly, several more principles that will be useful in organizing your education,
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a career or if you're teaching,
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to how you might enhance your own teaching and counseling of young scientists.
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In selecting a subject in which to conduct original research or to develop world-class expertise,
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take a part of the chosen discipline that is sparsely inhabited.
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Judge opportunity by how few other students and researchers are on hand.
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This is not to de-emphasize the essential requirement of broad training or the value of apprenticing yourself
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in ongoing research to programs of high quality.
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It is important also to acquire older mentors within these successful programs
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and to make friends and colleagues of your age for mutual support.
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But through it all, look for a way to break out,
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to find the field and subject not yet popular.
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We have seen this demonstrated already in the talks preceding mine.
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There is the quickest way advances are likely to occur as measured in discoveries per investigator per year.
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You may have heard the military dictum for the gathering of armies.
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March to the sound of the guns.
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In science, the exact opposite is the case.
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March away from the sound of the guns.
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So, Wilson's principle number three,
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march away from the sound of the gun,
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observe from a distance, but do not join the fray.
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Make a fray of your own.
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Once you have settled on a specialty and a profession you can love,
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and you've secured opportunity, your potential to succeed will be greatly enhanced if you study it enough to become an expert.
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There are thousands of professionally delimited subjects sprinkled through physics and chemistry to biology and medicine,
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and on then into the social sciences where it is possible in short time to acquire the status of an authority.
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When the subject is still very thinly populated,
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you can with diligence and hard work become the world authority.
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The world needs this kind of expertise,
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and it rewards the kind of people willing to acquire it.
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The existing information and what you self-discover may at first seem skimpy and difficult to connect to other bodies of knowledge.
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Well, if that's the case, good.
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Why hard instead of easy?
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The answer deserves to be stated as principle number four.
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In the attempt to make scientific discoveries,
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every problem is an opportunity,
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and the more difficult the problem,
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the greater will be the importance of its solution.
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Now this brings me to a basic categorization in the way scientific discoveries are made.
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Scientists, pure mathematicians among them,
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follow one or the other of two pathways.
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First, through early discoveries, a problem is identified,
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and a solution is sought.
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The problem may be relatively small,
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for example, Where exactly in a cruise ship does the norovirus begin to spread?
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Or larger, what's the role of dark matter in the expansion of the universe?
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As the answer is sought,
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other phenomena are typically discovered and other questions are asked.
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This first of the two strategies is like a hunter exploring a forest in search of a particular quarry,
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who finds other quarries along the way.
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The second strategy of research is to study a subject broadly,
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searching for unknown phenomena or patterns of known phenomena,
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like a hunter in what we call the naturalist trance.
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The researcher mind is open to anything interesting, any quarry worth taking.
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The search is not for the solution of the problem,
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but for problems themselves worth solving.
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The two strategies of research,
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original research, can be stated as follows in the final principle I'm going to offer you.
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For every problem in a given discipline of science,
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there exists a species or entity or phenomenon ideal for its solution.
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And conversely, for every species or other entity or phenomenon,
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there exist important problems for the solution of which those particular objects of research are ideally suited.
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Find out what they are.
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You'll find your own way to discover, to learn, to teach.
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The decades ahead will see dramatic advances in disease,
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prevention, general health, the quality of life.
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All of humanity depends on the knowledge and practice of the medicine and the science behind it you will master.
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You have chosen a calling that will come in steps to give you satisfaction at its conclusion of a life well lived,
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and I thank you for having me here tonight.
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Oh, thank you.
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Thank you very much.
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I see you too.
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you
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コンテキストと背景
この動画のスピーカーであるE.O.ウィルソンは、科学者を目指す若者たちに向けた貴重なアドバイスを提供しています。彼の経験と広範な知識は、技術と科学が急成長を遂げる現代社会でどのように役立つかを示しています。ウィルソンは、専門性だけでなく、さまざまな分野に関する知識を広げることが重要であると強調し、未来の科学者たちに人類のために貢献するよう促しています。このような教育的な視点は、英語を学ぶ上での理解を深める助けともなるでしょう。
日常的コミュニケーションのためのトップ5フレーズ
- 「世界はあなたを必要としている。」 - 自信を持って自分の道を進む重要性を示す。
- 「科学の知識は15年から20年ごとに倍増している。」 - 科学の成長と進化の速度を理解する。
- 「知識への渇望は私たちの遺伝子に刻まれている。」 - 進化的背景を思い起こさせる。
- 「全ての科学は一連の原則と法則の説明の連続になる。」 - 科学の相互関連性を理解する手助けをする。
- 「政治リーダーは、科学リテラシーを持つ必要がある。」 - 社会での科学の重要性を認識させる。
ステップ・バイ・ステップ シャドーイングガイド
この動画を効果的に活用するための英語シャドーイング方法を以下に示します。英語のリスニングとスピーキングのスキルを向上させるための具体的なステップです。
- 視覚的にしっかりと見る：動画を最初に視聴し、スピーカーの口の動きや仕草に注目します。
- 内容を確認する：トランスクリプトを読み、使われているフレーズや語彙を把握します。
- シャドーイングの実施：動画を再生し、スピーカーの言葉を繰り返します。この時、リズムとイントネーションに注意を向けましょう。
- 録音して確認：自分の声を录音し、スピーカーとの違いを確認します。改善点を見つけるための重要なステップです。
- 反復練習：内容への理解が深まるまで何度も繰り返し練習します。これを通じて、自然な英語の表現力を身に付けましょう。
このプロセスを通じて、IELTS スピーキング対策にも役立つスピーキングスキルを強化できます。また、YouTubeで英語学習を進める中で、科学的なトピックを英語で理解する力も養えます。
シャドーイングとは？英語上達に効果的な理由
シャドーイング（Shadowing）は、もともとプロの通訳者養成プログラムで開発された言語学習法で、多言語習得者として知られるDr. Alexander Arguelles によって広く普及されました。方法はシンプルですが非常に効果的：ネイティブスピーカーの英語を聞きながら、1〜2秒の遅延で声に出してすぐに繰り返す——まるで「影（shadow）」のように話者を追いかけます。文法ドリルや受動的なリスニングと異なり、シャドーイングは脳と口の筋肉が同時にリアルタイムで英語を処理・再現することを強制します。研究により、発音精度、抑揚、リズム、連音、リスニング力、そして会話の流暢さが大幅に向上することが確認されています。IELTSスピーキング対策や自然な英語コミュニケーションを目指す方に特におすすめです。