シャドーイング練習: How babies learn to talk ⏲️ 6 Minute English - YouTubeで英語スピーキングを学ぶ
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6 Minute English from BBC Learning English.
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6 Minute English from BBC Learning English.
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Hello.
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This is 6 Minute English from BBC Learning English.
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I'm Phil.
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And I'm Georgie.
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For most parents, their baby's first word is a special moment.
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This happens after an early stage of language development called babble,
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when babies start making simple sounds like ga or ma.
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Babies have to learn to use their mouth muscles to make specific sounds.
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They experiment with different sounds and mouth shapes.
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So what exactly is happening when babies start learning to speak?
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What do you think, Georgie?
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Well, Phil, I'm no expert,
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but I imagine they watch the adults around them and kind of copy and imitate what they do.
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What do you think?
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I definitely think that's what my children did when they were learning to speak.
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Well, let's compare our ideas with those of an expert.
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Professor Julian Pine from Liverpool University,
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speaking here on BBC Radio 4,
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and he lists the skills that babies develop in order to speak.
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Well, one of the first things the child's got to do is they've got to break down the speech stream into words.
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Then they've got to link the words to the things that they refer to in the environment,
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so they've got to learn what the words mean.
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Right.
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In this programme, we'll discover how babies learn to speak and,
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as usual, we'll learn some useful new vocabulary.
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And on the subject of words,
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remember you can find a list of this programme's vocabulary on our website, bbclearningenglish.com.
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Some people find it helpful to study the vocabulary before listening.
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And another thing to do before listening is ask my question.
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Georgie, we've mentioned the babbling noises that babies make when learning to speak,
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but at what age does this usually start?
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Is it a around six months old,
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b around nine months old,
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or c around one year old?
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OK, I think my best guess would be a around six months old.
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OK, well we'll find out a little bit later on in the programme.
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Let's return to Professor Pine's list.
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The first thing babies do is recognise where individual words start and end.
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For this, it helps to know that,
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in English at least, words often begin with a stressed syllable,
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the sound in a word which is emphasised by being spoken longer or louder.
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Learning this takes time, and here Professor Pine and Michael Rosen,
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presenter of BBC Radio 4's programme Word of Mouth,
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discuss children who haven't quite discovered it yet.
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And we can see this in the kind of errors
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that children make because little kids will often call the giraffe a raff
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by leaving off the unstressed syllable because that's not typical English.
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Oh, and I've got an example of this.
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My son used to call a machine a sminge.
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He just hit the stress.
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He didn't bother with the muth bit.
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Yeah, exactly.
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Well, he may have thought it was my sminge, of course.
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That's the other thing.
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And the classic example, of course,
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is nana instead of banana.
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Yes.
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I think I call them that.
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One error, or mistake, infants make is calling a giraffe a raf,
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because they cut off the first syllable,
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G, because it's not stressed.
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The classic example of this is when children say nana instead of banana.
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A classic example of something means the best example of it,
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one containing all the features you expect such a thing to have.
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For example, ants are a classic example of animals working together.
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The second skill babies develop as they learn to speak is correctly linking a word to the object it refers to.
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In other words, knowing what the word means.
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As adults, we do this without thinking,
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but it's actually much harder than it sounds,
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as Professor Julian Pine explains to BBC Radio 4 programme Word of Mouth.
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Well, we take for granted the fact that it's kind of obvious what words refer to in the environment,
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but actually, if you look at it from the child's point of view,
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it's really difficult to work out what a word refers to because there's so many things it could refer to.
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So, you know, the speech signal is very ambiguous.
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How does the child know that you're talking about the cup in front of you
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or the pen in front of you when you say pen or cup?
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As adults, we take it for granted that when a friend says apple,
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they mean that round red thing on the table.
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To take it for granted means to assume something without question.
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But for a baby, the link between the word apple and the object is not obvious.
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It's ambiguous, meaning it has more than one possible meaning.
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Wow.
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Who knew so much was going on inside babies' sponge-like brains as they soak up the sounds they hear?
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Right.
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Phil, isn't it time to reveal the answer to your question?
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Erm, it is indeed.
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The question was, at what age do babies start to make babbling noises?
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And I said it was around six months.
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And that is the correct answer.
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Yay!
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Babies start to do this when they're about six months old.
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OK, let's recap the vocabulary that we've learnt,
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starting with babble, the meaningless noises babies make as they're learning to speak.
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The stressed syllable in a word is the sound which is emphasised by being longer,
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louder or higher.
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An error is a mistake.
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The classic example of something is the most typical example of it,
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containing its most important features.
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If you take something for granted,
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you accept or assume it without question.
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And finally, the adjective ambiguous means having more than one possible meaning.
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Once again, our six minutes are up,
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but if you're ready for more,
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you'll find the worksheet with a quiz and a transcript for this programme on our website.
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See you there soon.
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Bye!
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Bye!
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この動画で話す練習をする理由
赤ちゃんがどのように話すことを学ぶのかを探求するこの動画は、英語学習にとって非常に貴重です。英語の発音やリズムを模倣するプロセスは、特に英語シャドーイングの実践において効果的です。この方法は、視覚的および聴覚的要素を統合し、話す際の流暢さ向上に役立ちます。さらに、周囲の大人を観察して模倣する赤ちゃんの行動は、学習者が自然な会話スキルを習得するための手本となります。YouTubeで英語学習を進める際には、このようなコンテキストを意識することで、より効果的な学習が可能となります。
文法と表現の文脈
この動画では、会話の中で以下の重要な文法構造や表現が使われています：
- 疑問文の構造：「What do you think, Georgie?」という構文は、相手の意見を尋ねるシンプルな方法で、日常英会話において非常に一般的です。
- 過去形の使用：「My son used to call a machine a sminge」のように、過去の習慣を話す時に使われる構文は、過去形の理解に役立ちます。
- 不定詞の使用：「to break down the speech stream into words」という表現は、目的を示す不定詞の使い方を示しており、効果的なコミュニケーションには欠かせません。
一般的な発音の罠
赤ちゃんの言葉の発達に関連する課題は、英語を学ぶ際にも当てはまります。特に注意が必要な単語や発音には以下のようなものがあります：
- 単語の強調：英語では、単語の最初の音節が強調されることが多いため、正確な発音を身につけるためにこれを意識することが重要です。
- 音の連結：「giraffe」を「raff」と短縮してしまうことがあります。このようなエラーは、英語のリズムや流れを理解するための障害となる場合があります。
これらの点に注意しながら、英語学習においては「shadowspeak」や「shadowing site」を活用した練習が非常に効果的です。特に、様々なアクセントや発音の違いに気を付けることで、より洗練されたスピーキングスキルを目指せます。
シャドーイングとは？英語上達に効果的な理由
シャドーイング（Shadowing）は、もともとプロの通訳者養成プログラムで開発された言語学習法で、多言語習得者として知られるDr. Alexander Arguelles によって広く普及されました。方法はシンプルですが非常に効果的：ネイティブスピーカーの英語を聞きながら、1〜2秒の遅延で声に出してすぐに繰り返す——まるで「影（shadow）」のように話者を追いかけます。文法ドリルや受動的なリスニングと異なり、シャドーイングは脳と口の筋肉が同時にリアルタイムで英語を処理・再現することを強制します。研究により、発音精度、抑揚、リズム、連音、リスニング力、そして会話の流暢さが大幅に向上することが確認されています。IELTSスピーキング対策や自然な英語コミュニケーションを目指す方に特におすすめです。