シャドーイング練習: Ilissa Ocko: The fastest way to slow climate change now | TED Countdown - YouTubeで英語スピーキングを学ぶ
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Reviewer.
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In the time it took me to walk on stage,
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around 10 seconds, more than 10,000 metric tons of climate-warming gases have been pumped into the atmosphere from human actions.
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To provide some context on just how much that is,
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that is the weight equivalent of 170,000 of me emitted in gas in 10 seconds.
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99 percent of this pollution is carbon dioxide,
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CO2, and we know we need to reduce it.
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The other one percent is almost entirely methane,
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which mostly comes from producing fossil fuels,
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managing waste and raising livestock.
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But that one percent of methane could cause more warming over the next 10 years than all that CO2.
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This is because methane absorbs a lot more energy per unit mass for reasons relating to its molecular structure
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and its ability to form other greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.
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CO2 is important because it can linger in the atmosphere long after it is emitted,
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which means we must achieve net zero emissions to eventually stabilize our climate.
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This is key for protecting generations to come.
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But with climate change already devastating so many lives today,
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we can't focus only on the distant future.
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My work as a scientist aims to identify ways to slow down warming as fast as possible
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so that we can lower the risks of worsening damages in the near future.
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This is where methane comes in.
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That 1 percent of methane may cause more warming than all that CO2 in the next several years,
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but it only lasts in the atmosphere for around a decade.
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Methane's warming power is therefore not from the gradual buildup over time like CO2,
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but almost entirely from recent emissions.
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This means that every time we reduce methane,
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we can reduce a lot of warming right away.
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In fact, cutting methane is the single fastest,
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most effective opportunity to immediately slow down the rate of warming.
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And this is because not only does methane act fast,
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but because we can act fast,
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because we have the technologies available right now to cut methane emissions from human activities in half.
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And even better, many of these solutions pay for themselves.
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The methane we emit comes from three main sources,
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energy production, waste management and agriculture.
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The first category, energy production,
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is the largest and cheapest opportunity we have to cut methane today.
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Most methane from energy isn't from burning fossil fuels.
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It's from producing fossil fuels.
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Because natural gas, which is mostly methane,
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can easily escape into the atmosphere when extracting oil,
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gas and coal or when transporting gas through pipelines.
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In fact, these leaks can completely offset any near-term climate benefits of using gas instead of coal.
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But we have the technologies to cut the majority of these emissions,
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with around half for no net cost,
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because the saved gas can be sold.
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For example, oil fields in West Texas are wasting enough gas right now to heat more than two million homes.
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Fixing the methane problem, though,
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can be as simple as tightening a valve or placing a gasket or tuning an engine.
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A major reason why these easy fixes haven't been implemented isn't the cost.
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It's because governments and industry have been data-deprived,
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lacking information on where and how much is emitted.
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But our ability to detect these leaks has rapidly advanced in recent years.
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Everything from handheld instruments to sensors on aircrafts and drones.
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And now there's a growing universe of satellites designed to locate and measure methane from space.
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That list includes MethaneSat,
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which is expected to be launch-ready next year and will be able to detect and quantify methane emissions
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across the globe with unprecedented precision.
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If we can find it, we can fix it.
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This part is not rocket science.
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It's more like plumbing.
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I can't tell you enough how hopeful that makes me for the future.
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We can also reduce a lot of emissions from the second category,
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waste management, where methane is produced as bacteria decompose garbage in landfills and sludge in wastewater.
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Some of the largest landfills receive enough trash per day to fill more than 10 Olympic-sized swimming pools before it is compacted.
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But we can suck up the methane from landfills by using tubes with vacuums
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and then use it to generate electricity because methane is an energy-packed fuel.
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We can also reduce emissions by sending some trash,
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like food waste, away from landfills and instead to composting centers that are designed to prevent the release of methane.
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The third category, agriculture, emits the most and remains the hardest to address.
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But there are exciting new technologies on the horizon.
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The number one source is livestock.
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Some farm animals, like the billion-plus cattle worldwide,
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belch methane that was produced when digesting plants like grass.
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Reducing these emissions is possible with higher-quality feed,
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and scientists are developing and testing new technologies,
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like feed supplements, that can suppress methane production in a cow's gut by at least 30 percent,
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with no negative effects on productivity or quality.
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Livestock manure can also produce methane when concentrated,
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but we can cover manure lagoons and then pump manure into digesters that can capture the methane,
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which can then be used for heat and electricity.
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Another methane source is rice production.
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This one crop is a staple for half the world's population.
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But the plants grow in flooded fields that create ideal conditions for microbes to form methane.
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We can slash emissions from methane by improving how we manage the required water,
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which can be as simple as maintaining a shallow level of water in the rice fields.
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Implementing all of these solutions will take work.
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But people have already started to act.
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Many governments, oil and gas CEOs,
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landfill operators and farmers are advancing measures to reduce methane.
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But we need more,
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because there is a lot of warming that we can prevent
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if we quickly deploy the full set of affordable and available strategies.
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We need standalone methane targets as part of every company's business model
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and every country's nationally determined contribution as the Paris Agreement is strengthened.
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Because if we succeed in a rapid,
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full-scale effort to cut methane,
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we have a chance to actually experience the benefits fast in our lifetimes.
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For example, my colleagues and I found
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that we could slow down the rate of warming by as much as 30 percent before mid-century.
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This would help communities and ecosystems adapt to a changing climate
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and hit the brakes on worsening extreme events like wildfires in the Americas and Australia and flooding in Europe and Asia.
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It would also help clean up our air,
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saving lives and crops because methane contributes to ozone pollution.
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And because some of the people most vulnerable to the impacts of climate change are on the front lines of methane emissions,
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these solutions can also help reduce the inequity of climate change.
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For example, by job creation.
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If we fast forward to later decades,
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acting now to cut methane can also help protect Arctic sea ice.
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This is because when methane reductions are combined with strong actions to cut CO2,
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it becomes unlikely that temperatures would rise to levels that would trigger a total loss in Arctic summer sea ice.
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This is important not just for polar communities and ecosystems,
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but actually for the entire world.
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I've now been talking for almost 10 minutes,
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which means that more than 700,000 metric tons of climate warming gases have been pumped into the atmosphere.
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Now that equals the weight of 12 million of me.
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Of all this pollution, it is the methane
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that could warm the Earth the most over the next 10 years
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but we know how to cut these emissions in half right now from energy, waste and agriculture.
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This is the methane moment,
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because cutting methane is the single fastest,
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most effective opportunity to reduce climate change risks in the near term.
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And cutting CO2, which will otherwise build up over time,
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is the key to reducing risks in the long term.
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We need to do both to plot a safer course for ourselves and our children,
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and for generations to come.
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Thank you so much.
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コンテキストと背景
このTEDトークは、気候変動を果敢に取り組む科学者のイリッサ・オッコによって行われました。彼女は、私たちの行動がどのように環境に影響を及ぼしているかを具体的な数字で示し、温室効果ガスの主な成分である二酸化炭素（CO2）とメタンの重要性について説明しました。特にメタンは、温暖化を引き起こす力が非常に強く、短期間で大きな影響を与えることができます。彼女の話は、地球環境を危機から救うために私たちが即座に行動を起こす必要があることを強調しています。
日常コミュニケーションのためのトップ5フレーズ
- 「私たちはCO2を削減する必要があります。」 - 環境問題について話す際に使えるフレーズです。
- 「メタンは短期間で大きな影響を与えます。」 - 環境科学の知識を示す際に便利です。
- 「私たちには今すぐ行動する必要があります。」 - 緊急性を感じさせる表現です。
- 「エネルギー生産が主な原因です。」 - 複雑なテーマをシンプルに伝えるためのフレーズです。
- 「簡単な修正で問題を解決できます。」 - 行動のための具体的な方法を示す際に役立ちます。
ステップバイステップのシャドーイングガイド
このビデオの内容は、環境問題に関する難しい語彙や概念を含んでいるため、シャドースピーキングの練習がとても有益です。以下のステップに沿って、効果的に学習してみましょう。
- ビデオを数回視聴する: 初回は内容を理解し、二回目以降は耳を傾けながら単語やフレーズに注意を払います。
- シャドースピーチを行う: 重要なフレーズを聞きながら、即座に声に出して繰り返します。例えば、「私たちはCO2を削減する必要があります。」を言った後、すぐに自分の言葉でも言ってみましょう。
- フレーズを使った日常会話を練習する: 授業や友達との会話で、学んだフレーズを積極的に使用します。特に「YouTubeで英語学習」をテーマにすると楽しく取り組めます。
- フィードバックを受ける: アウトプットした内容について他の人から意見をもらい、正しい発音や使い方を確認します。
- 繰り返し練習する: 新しいフレーズを繰り返し練習することで、より自然に使えるようになります。「shadow speak」や「shadowspeak」の技術を活用して、反復練習しましょう。
シャドーイングとは？英語上達に効果的な理由
シャドーイング（Shadowing）は、もともとプロの通訳者養成プログラムで開発された言語学習法で、多言語習得者として知られるDr. Alexander Arguelles によって広く普及されました。方法はシンプルですが非常に効果的：ネイティブスピーカーの英語を聞きながら、1〜2秒の遅延で声に出してすぐに繰り返す——まるで「影（shadow）」のように話者を追いかけます。文法ドリルや受動的なリスニングと異なり、シャドーイングは脳と口の筋肉が同時にリアルタイムで英語を処理・再現することを強制します。研究により、発音精度、抑揚、リズム、連音、リスニング力、そして会話の流暢さが大幅に向上することが確認されています。IELTSスピーキング対策や自然な英語コミュニケーションを目指す方に特におすすめです。