쉐도잉 연습: What’s the best way to lift people out of poverty? - YouTube로 영어 말하기 배우기

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In 2018, a non-profit gave every adult in western Kenya’s Ahenyo village $500.
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In 2018, a non-profit gave every adult in western Kenya’s Ahenyo village $500.
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Most of their families had lived in extreme poverty for generations, and this sum was roughly equivalent to most recipients’ annual salaries.
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Despite all this, the money came with no strings attached outside a commitment to speak with researchers after two years.
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They hoped this influx of cash would lift the villagers out of poverty.
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But they also knew this could easily be the latest in a long line of failed philanthropic interventions.
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In the 1960s, charitable organizations began ramping up their philanthropic efforts, spending billions funding education, job training, agricultural development, infrastructure projects, and health care programs in attempts to help poor countries.
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These programs hoped to create a springboard of knowledge and capital that would foster financial independence and bolster struggling economies.
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But when economists started studying this kind of aid in the late 90s and early 2000s, they made some surprising discoveries.
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After running various randomized control trials, where one group received education or job training and another group did not, the researchers found this kind of aid often had minimal impact.
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School supplies failed to improve education.
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Job training didn’t always raise incomes.
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And the benefits of nutrition education varied dramatically from group to group.
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These disappointing results even extended to newer philanthropic models.
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At this time, many theorists advocated heavily for microfinance, a model that offered small loans to aspiring entrepreneurs in weak economies.
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But while microfinance recipients consistently repaid their loans with interest, the programs failed to meaningfully raise their incomes.
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All these failures led researchers to consider a strategy many considered ridiculous: direct cash giving.
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Most philanthropists saw this approach as the worst kind of shortsighted philanthropy.
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They assumed recipients would quickly spend the cash and then end up back where they started.
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But when researchers returned to Ahenyo two years later, the results were astonishing.
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Business revenues were up 65%.
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Families saved more and ate more.
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Kids were doing better in school.
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There was less alcoholism, depression, domestic violence, and inequality between families.
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And these impacts weren’t unique to Ahenyo.
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Since this study, direct cash giving has become one of the most researched poverty interventions, and it's consistently shown impacts that often exceed traditional aid programs.
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In fact, a subsequent study spanning hundreds of Kenyan villages found the surrounding economy grew by more than twice what was given out just a year after the cash transfers.
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However, direct cash giving isn’t a silver bullet.
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Poverty is a generational issue that requires long-term changes to solve; and since this intervention is relatively new, we still don’t fully understand the effects of cash giving on extended timelines.
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For example, a Ugandan study beginning in 2008 found that while a cash transfer improved some families’ earnings over the first four years, the positive effect disappeared after the next five years.
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Then it returned again under the pressure of the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Clearly, we still have a lot to learn about how cash giving unfolds over time.
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But regardless of what we learn in the future, the theory for why direct cash giving works can help change how we think about poverty today.
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Where traditional aid programs assume that philanthropists have the best knowledge of a community's needs, cash giving programs believe the people experiencing poverty best understand what they need to escape it.
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For example, perhaps for one person, repairing their home is more important to long-term success than starting a new business.
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And for another, ensuring their child can finish school might allow them to bring in more money in the future.
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Fortunately, we can afford this kind of help.
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Today, wealthy countries spend $200 billion a year in international aid, and philanthropists have a trillion and a half more sitting in private foundations.
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We already have the means to eliminate extreme poverty.
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But doing so will require these institutions to trust the expertise of the people actually living in these conditions.

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문맥 속의 문법 및 표현

  • However, …: 이 구문은 대조를 나타내며, 주장을 강화하는 데 유용하게 사용됩니다. 예를 들어, “However, direct cash giving isn’t a silver bullet.”은 반대의 입장을 명확히 제시합니다.
  • It is important to note that …: 이 표현은 중요한 정보를 강조할 때 유용합니다. 예를 들어, “It is important to note that poverty is a generational issue”로 시작되는 문장은 주제를 다시 강조할 수 있습니다.
  • As a result, …: 원인과 결과를 연결할 때 사용되는 이 구문은 복잡한 문장을 만들어 수업에 다양성을 추가합니다. 예: “As a result, families saved more and ate more.”

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비디오에는 일부 어려운 발음이 포함되어 있습니다. 특히 “philanthropic”라는 단어는 많은 영어 학습자에게 발음이 어렵습니다. 이 단어는 [fəˈlænθrəpɪk]로 발음되어야 하며, 강세에 유의해야 합니다. 다른 한편으로, “intervention” 같은 단어도 자주 발생하는 혼동을 피하기 위해 [ˌɪntərˈvɛnʃən]으로 정확히 연습해야 합니다. 영어 쉐도잉 기법을 통해 이러한 발음을 연습하면 더 자연스럽게 대화에 참여할 수 있습니다.

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