Prática de Shadowing: E.O. Wilson: Advice to young scientists - Aprenda a falar inglês com o YouTube
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Reviewer Gopalco
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Reviewer Gopalco
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What I'm going to do is to just give a few notes,
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and this is from a book I'm preparing called Letters to a Young Scientist.
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And I thought it'd be appropriate to present it on the basis
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that I have had extensive experience in teaching counseling sciences across the broad array of fields.
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And you might like to hear some of the principles that I've developed in doing that teaching and counseling.
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So let me begin by urging you,
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particularly you on the youngster side,
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on this path you've chosen to go as far as you can.
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The world needs you badly.
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Humanity is now fully into the techno-scientific age.
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There's going to be no turning back.
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Although varying among disciplines, say astrophysics,
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molecular genetics, to immunology, to microbiology,
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to public health, to the new area of the human body of the symbiont,
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to public health, environmental science,
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Knowledge in medical science and science overall is doubling every 15 to 20 years.
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Technology is increasing at a comparable rate.
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Between them, the two already pervade,
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as most of you here seated realize,
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every dimension of human life.
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So swift is the velocity of the techno-scientific revolution,
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so startling in its countless twists and turns that no one can predict its outcome,
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even a decade from the present moment.
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There'll come a time, of course,
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when the exponential growth of discovery and knowledge,
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which actually began in the 1600s,
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has to peak and level off,
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but that's not going to matter to you.
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The revolution is going to continue for at least several more decades.
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It'll render the human condition radically different from what it is today.
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Traditional fields of study are going to continue to grow and in so doing,
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inevitably they will meet and create new disciplines.
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In time, all of science will come to be a continuum of description and explanation of networks of principles and laws.
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That's why you need not just be training in one specialty,
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but also acquire breadth in other fields related to and even distant from your own initial choice.
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Keep your your eyes lifted and your head turning.
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The thirst for knowledge is in our genes.
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It was put there by our distant ancestors who spread across the world and it's never going to be quenched.
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To understand
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and use it sanely as a part of the civilization yet
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to evolve requires a vastly larger population of scientifically trained people like you In education,
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medicine, law, diplomacy, government, business,
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and the media that exists today,
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our political leaders need at least a modest degree of scientific literacy,
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which most badly lack today.
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No applause, please.
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It will be better for all if they prepared before entering office rather than learning on the job.
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Therefore, you will do well to act on the side,
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no matter how far into the laboratory you may go to serve as teachers during the span of your career.
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I'll now proceed quickly and before else to a subject
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that is both a vital asset and a potential barrier to a scientific career.
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If you are a bit short in mathematical skills, don't worry.
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Many of the most successful scientists at work today are mathematically semi-literate.
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A metaphor will serve here,
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where elite mathematicians and statisticians and theorists often serve as architects in the expanding realm of science.
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The remaining large majority of basic applied scientists,
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including a large portion of those who could be said to be of the first rank,
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are the ones who map the terrain,
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they scout the frontiers, they cut the pathways,
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they raised the buildings along the way.
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Some may have considered me foolhardy,
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but it's been my habit to brush aside the fear of mathematics when talking to candidate scientists.
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During 41 years of teaching biology at Harvard,
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I watched sadly as bright students turned away from the possibility of a scientific career
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or even from taking non-required courses in in science because they were afraid of failure.
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These math phobes deprived science and medicine of immeasurable amounts of badly needed talent.
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Here's how to relax your anxieties if you have them.
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Understand that mathematics is a language ruled like other verbal languages,
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unlike verbal languages generally, by its own grammar and system of logic.
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Any person with average quantitative intelligence who learns to read and write mathematics at an elementary level will,
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as in verbal languages, have little difficulty picking up most of the fundamentals
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if they choose to master the math speak of most disciplines of science.
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The longer you wait to become at least semi-literate,
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the harder language of mathematics will be to master,
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just as again in any verbal language,
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but it can be done as in any age,
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I speak as an authority on that subject because I'm an extreme case.
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I didn't take algebra until my freshman year at the University of Alabama.
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They didn't teach it before then.
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I finally got around to calculus as a 32-year-old tenured professor
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at Harvard where I sat uncomfortably in classes with undergraduate students little more than half my age.
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A couple of them were students in a course I was giving on evolutionary biology.
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I swallowed my pride and I learned calculus.
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I found out that in science and all its applications,
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what is crucial is not that technical ability,
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but it is imagination and all of its applications.
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The ability to form concepts with images of entities and processes pictured by intuition.
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I found out that advances in science rarely come upstream.
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From an ability to stand on a blackboard and conjure images from unfolding mathematical proposition and equations,
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they are instead the products of downstream imagination leading to hard work during
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which mathematical reasoning may or may not prove to be relevant.
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Ideas emerge when a part of the real or imagined world is studied for its own sake.
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The foremost important is a thorough,
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well-organized knowledge
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of all that is known of the relevant entities and processes that might be involved in that domain you propose to enter.
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When something new is discovered as logical,
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then one of the follow-up steps is to find the mathematical and statistical methods to move its analysis forward.
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If that step proves too difficult,
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The person or team that made the discovery,
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a mathematician can then be added by them as a collaborator.
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Consider the following principle, which I will modestly call Wilson's principle number one.
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It is far easier for scientists,
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including medical researchers, to acquire needed collaboration in mathematics
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and statistics than it is for mathematicians and statisticians to find scientists able to make use of their equations.
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It's important in choosing the direction you take in science is to find the subject of your level,
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at your level of competence that interests you deeply and focus on that.
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Keep in mind then, Wilson's second principle.
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For every scientist, whether researcher,
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technician, teacher, manager, or businessman,
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working at any level of mathematical competence,
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there exists a discipline in science or medicine for which that level is enough to achieve excellence.
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Now, I'm going to offer,
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quickly, several more principles that will be useful in organizing your education,
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a career or if you're teaching,
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to how you might enhance your own teaching and counseling of young scientists.
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In selecting a subject in which to conduct original research or to develop world-class expertise,
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take a part of the chosen discipline that is sparsely inhabited.
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Judge opportunity by how few other students and researchers are on hand.
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This is not to de-emphasize the essential requirement of broad training or the value of apprenticing yourself
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in ongoing research to programs of high quality.
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It is important also to acquire older mentors within these successful programs
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and to make friends and colleagues of your age for mutual support.
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But through it all, look for a way to break out,
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to find the field and subject not yet popular.
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We have seen this demonstrated already in the talks preceding mine.
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There is the quickest way advances are likely to occur as measured in discoveries per investigator per year.
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You may have heard the military dictum for the gathering of armies.
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March to the sound of the guns.
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In science, the exact opposite is the case.
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March away from the sound of the guns.
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So, Wilson's principle number three,
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march away from the sound of the gun,
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observe from a distance, but do not join the fray.
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Make a fray of your own.
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Once you have settled on a specialty and a profession you can love,
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and you've secured opportunity, your potential to succeed will be greatly enhanced if you study it enough to become an expert.
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There are thousands of professionally delimited subjects sprinkled through physics and chemistry to biology and medicine,
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and on then into the social sciences where it is possible in short time to acquire the status of an authority.
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When the subject is still very thinly populated,
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you can with diligence and hard work become the world authority.
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The world needs this kind of expertise,
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and it rewards the kind of people willing to acquire it.
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The existing information and what you self-discover may at first seem skimpy and difficult to connect to other bodies of knowledge.
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Well, if that's the case, good.
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Why hard instead of easy?
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The answer deserves to be stated as principle number four.
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In the attempt to make scientific discoveries,
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every problem is an opportunity,
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and the more difficult the problem,
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the greater will be the importance of its solution.
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Now this brings me to a basic categorization in the way scientific discoveries are made.
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Scientists, pure mathematicians among them,
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follow one or the other of two pathways.
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First, through early discoveries, a problem is identified,
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and a solution is sought.
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The problem may be relatively small,
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for example, Where exactly in a cruise ship does the norovirus begin to spread?
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Or larger, what's the role of dark matter in the expansion of the universe?
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As the answer is sought,
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other phenomena are typically discovered and other questions are asked.
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This first of the two strategies is like a hunter exploring a forest in search of a particular quarry,
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who finds other quarries along the way.
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The second strategy of research is to study a subject broadly,
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searching for unknown phenomena or patterns of known phenomena,
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like a hunter in what we call the naturalist trance.
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The researcher mind is open to anything interesting, any quarry worth taking.
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The search is not for the solution of the problem,
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but for problems themselves worth solving.
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The two strategies of research,
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original research, can be stated as follows in the final principle I'm going to offer you.
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For every problem in a given discipline of science,
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there exists a species or entity or phenomenon ideal for its solution.
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And conversely, for every species or other entity or phenomenon,
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there exist important problems for the solution of which those particular objects of research are ideally suited.
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Find out what they are.
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You'll find your own way to discover, to learn, to teach.
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The decades ahead will see dramatic advances in disease,
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prevention, general health, the quality of life.
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All of humanity depends on the knowledge and practice of the medicine and the science behind it you will master.
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You have chosen a calling that will come in steps to give you satisfaction at its conclusion of a life well lived,
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and I thank you for having me here tonight.
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Oh, thank you.
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Thank you very much.
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I see you too.
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you
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Contexto & Antecedentes
O vídeo intitulado "E.O. Wilson: Conselho para jovens cientistas" apresenta uma discussão inspiradora sobre a importância da ciência e do aprendizado contínuo. O renomado biólogo E.O. Wilson compartilha sua visão sobre como os jovens podem se preparar para enfrentar os desafios da era techno-científica. Ele enfatiza a necessidade de uma educação ampla e do aprendizado ativo, argumentando que o mundo precisa de mais cientistas e profissionais com base científica sólida. Este contexto fornece uma base rica para aprendizes de inglês, especialmente aqueles interessados nas áreas de ciência e tecnologia.
Top 5 Frases para Comunicação Diária
- "O mundo precisa de você." - Expressa a importância do papel de cada um na sociedade.
- "A sede de conhecimento está em nossos genes." - Refere-se à curiosidade intrínseca do ser humano.
- "A educação é fundamental para o futuro." - Destaca a importância do aprendizado e da formação contínua.
- "Sempre mantenha a cabeça erguida." - Uma metáfora motivacional sobre estar aberto a novas ideias.
- "Os líderes políticos precisam de alfabetização científica." - Um lembrete sobre a necessidade de conhecimento em ciência nos líderes contemporâneos.
Guia Passo a Passo para Shadowing
Se você deseja melhorar sua pronúncia em inglês e se preparar para se comunicar de forma mais eficaz, aqui está um guia prático usando o método do shadowing em inglês com este vídeo:
- Escolha um trecho do vídeo: Comece com uma parte do vídeo, como a introdução onde E.O. Wilson fala sobre a importância da ciência.
- Ouça ativamente: Escute primeiro sem pausar, absorvendo o conteúdo e a entonação. Tente captar a essência do que está sendo dito.
- Reproduza em voz alta: Após ouvir, repita o que foi dito. Tente imitá-lo o mais próximo possível, focando na pronúncia e no ritmo.
- Revise e corrija: Grave-se durante a prática e compare com o vídeo original. Identifique pontos que precisam de melhorias.
- Pratique regularmente: Incorpore o shadowspeak em sua rotina de aprendizado. Quanto mais você praticar, mais confortável ficará com o idioma.
Com essas etapas, você pode aprender inglês com YouTube de maneira eficaz e se capacitar para interações reais. O uso do método de shadowing ajudará você a se acostumar com a sonoridade e a fluência da língua inglesa, facilitando a comunicação em várias áreas, inclusive nas ciências.
O que é a Técnica de Shadowing?
Shadowing é uma técnica de aprendizado de idiomas com base científica, originalmente desenvolvida para o treinamento de intérpretes profissionais. O método é simples, mas poderoso: você ouve áudio em inglês nativo e repete imediatamente em voz alta — como uma sombra seguindo o falante com 1-2 segundos de atraso. Pesquisas mostram melhora significativa na precisão da pronúncia, entonação, ritmo, sons conectados, compreensão auditiva e fluência na fala.
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