Prática de Shadowing: I Taught Rats to Drive. They Taught Me to Enjoy the Ride | Kelly Lambert | TED - Aprenda a falar inglês com o YouTube
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When I first started teaching rats to drive cars,
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When I first started teaching rats to drive cars,
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I never dreamed that those little rodents would steer me toward a surprisingly big discovery,
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a lesson about the importance of joy in our lives.
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It turns out that we had a lot to teach each other,
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but I'm getting ahead of myself.
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I'm a behavioral neuroscientist.
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I'm interested in brains, behavior,
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and environment, and how they influence one another.
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For most of my career,
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I focused on the negative emotions,
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fear, stress, anxiety, symptoms of depression, and for good reason.
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Depression rates remain unacceptably high,
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and recent reports suggest that deaths of despair,
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deaths related to suicide and addiction and loneliness,
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are on the rise in the United States.
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Even though we've invested a lot of research and resources toward understanding mental illness,
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it seems that we have a long way to go.
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Perhaps we need some fresh perspectives in this area.
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Several years ago when I was writing my book,
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Lifting Depression, I started to investigate the connections between reward and physical effort.
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I introduced this term, behavior-ceuticals,
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the idea that we can intentionally change our behavior to alter neurochemistry in therapeutic ways.
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If you have enjoyed knitting or cooking or producing a piece of art,
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you've experienced your own dose of behaviorceuticals.
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But that's anecdotal evidence.
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I needed to take this to the lab and consult with my research colleagues.
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That's the laboratory rats.
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So we trained them to exert physical effort for fruit loops,
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and that's the currency of my lab they love fruit loops
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so they'll work for fruit loops
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so we had about five weeks where the animals had to connect physical effort digging up those fruit loops
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and at the end of that time we saw
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that there was enhanced evidence of emotional resilience affecting more effective coping strategies
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and even signs of neuroplasticity this idea of the brain changing
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in response to the changing demands of the life of the animal and that's traditionally thought to be good and healthy
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for the for the brain now
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when we compared these animals to the control group this was a group
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that received the same number of fruit loops
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but they didn't have to work for it we called this the trust fund rats group
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and we did not see the benefits in these animals
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so it seemed to be more than just the reward it's our relationship with the reward
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and perhaps the ability to control these rewards so this was interesting
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and we did a good bit of research on what we call effort-based reward protocol
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and found some interesting findings
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but I still found myself going back to these negative emotions
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especially chronic stress investigating all the ways things can go wrong with brains
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but it took the rats to point me in the direction
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of looking at what could go right let me provide a little context here
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so those rats
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that I talked about the driving rats in the in the beginning of the talk we originally train them to drive,
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to understand more about agency and a sense of control and skill acquisition on their brains and behavior.
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And so we taught them to drive these rodent-operated vehicles,
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or ROVs as we call them,
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and we found some interesting findings and we published it,
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but we quickly realized that this program of research had a lot of potential for science outreach
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and this is something that we really need
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today so we decided to keep a group of rats trained up on driving
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so that we could continue with this science outreach
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and they became little rodent celebrities they were in documentaries
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and newscasts and podcasts and that was all great
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but i remember during the pandemic
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when all the students were gone it was very quiet on campus
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and a few colleagues
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and i were taking turns going into the lab to take care of the animals
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and i vividly remember this morning this one morning i walked into the lab
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and i saw these rats run up to the front of the cage
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and they were reaching their little arms out and jumping up
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and down and it looked like they were excited to see me like little rat joy
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and it made me excited that they were excited to see me
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and on the heels of all the negative emotion research
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that i had conducted through the years
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and all the negativity of the pandemic i decided right then
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and there that whatever
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that was i was seeing i wanted to investigate it i wanted to know more
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but could a neuroscientist study something as complex as joy
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in a rat i went to the literature and was encouraged i even found a definition of joy in non-human animals,
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a brief and intense burst of activity associated with a favored event or object.
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So when my husband and I would ask our little dog Brody
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if he wanted to go for a walk
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or just showed him the leash and saw him running around in circles and jumping up and down and yelping endlessly,
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that seemed to fit the definition of joy.
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If I could see it in a dog,
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I was encouraged that we could see it in the rats,
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but I still needed a plan.
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I landed on this idea of anticipation the time before an award because i knew that we could manipulate that time
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in the laboratory so i was encouraged
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and really fascinated by some research conducted by scientists where they
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trained rats to press a bar to have cocaine delivered directly to their brains
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and when the cocaine hit the brain their natural kind of feel-good neurochemical known as dopamine
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would rise but what was even more interesting was when
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that rat would approach
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that bar before the cocaine was there you'd also see this rise in dopamine it seemed
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that the brain was interpreting the reward
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and the time before the reward in a similar manner it really makes me wonder what our founding fathers knew
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when they emphasized life liberty and the pursuit of happiness it's really interesting
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so we had an idea anticipation we still needed to translate this into something
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that we could use in the laboratory we came up with this protocol
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that we referred to as unpredictable positive event responses
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or uppers in keeping with this behavior suitical theme
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so this was pretty simple for about five weeks we introduced the rats to three good things fun things
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every day and in an unpredictable order and time
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so they were exposed to a lego block
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and they had to wait 15 minutes to get that fruit loop
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or sunflower seed they had to wait patiently to shell it
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or they were placed in a transport cage
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and wheeled across the hallway into the another space in the lab where they got to play around run around
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and what we call rat park and they had to to wait in that transport cage for three minutes.
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We were encouraged that we were on to something
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when we started to observe the rats in that transport cage and we saw brief bursts of behavior running around.
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They seemed so excited so we were encouraged
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that indeed we were influencing something that looked like joy or at least positive anticipation in these rats.
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So what are we finding?
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The results are still rolling in but we're starting to see some trends.
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If we expose these rats to a rat optimism task,
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and yes, there is such a thing,
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we've seen that the males shift from a pessimistic strategy to an optimistic strategy.
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But we don't see that with the females.
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They remain more reality-based in both groups.
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Now, I should mention that the control group for this bit of research is a group
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that receives all the good things at once,
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so they don't have that anticipation period there.
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So we're not sure if that generalizes to humans about the females,
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but we need to pursue that further.
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But the other results we see,
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we see both in males and females.
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And it is important to look at sex differences when we're doing this research.
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So both males and females show increased and intense exploration,
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as if they think they're going to find something good when they're exploring a novel environment.
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So we're very encouraged by these results.
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And surprisingly, one day a student ran into my office and said,
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Dr. Lambert, why are the upper trained rats' tails sticking straight up?
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I've been working with rats for over three decades,
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and I've never seen this or heard of it.
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But I went to the literature,
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and I saw that some researchers would inject an opioid into the animals,
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and their tails would go up.
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And I thought, oh my goodness,
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maybe we're doing something with behaviorceuticals that has been done with pharmaceuticals.
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So this is something that we need to explore further.
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This research made me think about some classic research conducted in the 1950s by Kurt Richter at Johns Hopkins University.
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He was interested in swim behavior between lab rats and wild rats,
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and he had some interesting laboratory conditions for this.
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But in the swim tank,
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it was turbulent water, so it was challenging.
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And he saw that the lab rats could swim for hours or days.
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They're great swimmers.
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But the wild rats, when he trapped them,
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brought them in and put them in in the tank,
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they sank immediately, dying.
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And he was shocked by this because it's tough living out there in the wild.
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And he thought those wild rats would be more resilient.
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He said it looked like they were just giving up.
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But when he thought about the experiences of the lab rats and the wild rats,
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he realized that those lab rats had been periodically picked up by human hands,
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and their conditions had changed.
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So there was some hope that
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if you didn't like what was going on now it could change
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but the wild rats hadn't had that experience
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so he did he devised this intervention where his assistants would pick up the wild rats from the restraining cage
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or from the water just once or twice
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and he ran the study again and he found
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that a majority of those wild rats at
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that time they went from dying to surviving and
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and he said it was the hope of rescue that led them down that path.
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It makes you think, is this important for humans?
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There is a good bit of research to suggest that hope and positive attitudes are important for health and longevity.
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One of my favorite studies was conducted with Israeli children who were very ill,
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and they were part of the Make-A-Wish Foundation program.
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And the researchers monitored their general physical health
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and mental health outcomes from the time they were told specifically what their wish was to the time the wish was granted.
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And that was about five months so they could extend that anticipatory time.
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And they found that these outcomes improved to suggest that maybe their quality of life during that time was enhanced.
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when they compared it to the children who were in the queue to get a wish,
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but they hadn't been told the specifics,
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so they really couldn't wish specifically and hope specifically for that to happen.
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But I'm sure, hopefully, when those children received the details of their wish,
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they also benefited from this.
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So there's a lot of research to suggest that,
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yes, those negative emotions are important to understand,
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but these positive emotions are as well.
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And when we step back and look at the brain and everything that's going on during positive anticipation and joy and
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you can see that there are a lot of different areas of the brain
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that are on board are activated during this time areas involved the processing reward
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and monitoring internal feelings and planning and movement are all activated during this time of joy and positive anticipation
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So with all of this evidence,
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behavioral, anecdotal, neurological, suggesting that positive emotions are important,
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this isn't always reflected in our culture.
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It's really interesting to me that we have a word for anticipating something negative.
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It's dread.
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But to my knowledge, I don't know that we have a word related to anticipating something positive.
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But in the German language they do, it's forfreude.
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It means joyful anticipation.
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Perhaps it's time for us to step up and come up with our own word for joyful anticipation.
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And personally, I find myself going back to this Puritan work ethic too often,
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where we equate busyness and hard work with virtue.
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And if I find an hour or two to watch Netflix or something I enjoy,
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I often describe it as a guilty pleasure.
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But why does it have to be a guilty pleasure?
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Far from an indulgence, it's looking like these pleasure and positive events are important and critical for healthy maintenance of our brains.
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Let me end by going back to those driving rats.
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A lot of people ask me,
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Kelly, do they like to drive?
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Do they enjoy driving?
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And my response has typically been,
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well, I can't give them a questionnaire.
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I don't really know.
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I think they do.
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But we could ask them from a behavioral perspective.
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And that's what we did recently.
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gave them a choice of walking to the fruit loop tree
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that's what they drive to in a more efficient path
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or they could take a detour and backtrack and jump in the car
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and drive to the rewards and I couldn't wait to see what they would do
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and what we found was a majority of the animals did indeed backtrack take a tour
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and jump into the car and drive to their fruit loop rewards
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and if you saw a human jumping in the background and
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that was me jumping for joy seeing rats choose pleasure
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or fun over efficiency I taught rats to drive cars but but they taught me to enjoy the ride thank you
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Contexto & Histórico
A palestrante Kelly Lambert é uma neurocientista comportamental que explora as interações entre cérebro, comportamento e ambiente. Sua pesquisa inicial focou em emoções negativas como medo, estresse e depressão. Com taxas de depressão sempre altas nos Estados Unidos, Lambert decidiu investigar novos caminhos para entender e promover a felicidade. Através de suas experiências com ratos, ela descobriu que o prazer e a alegria têm um papel crucial na saúde mental e emocional, levando a consequências positivas para o comportamento e a neuroquímica dos animais. O diálogo sobre sua pesquisa revela não apenas a importância de recompensas e esforço, mas também uma nova perspectiva sobre a alegria - uma emoção frequentemente negligenciada em contextos científicos.
5 Frases Principais para Comunicação Diária
- “Eu introduzi o termo ‘behaviorceuticals’...” - Refere-se à capacidade de mudar comportamentos para melhorar a neuroquímica.
- “Eles precisavam conectar esforço físico com a recompensa.” - Destaca a importância do esforço para alcançar resultados.
- “O que poderia dar certo?” - Uma pergunta que nos convida a focar nas possibilidades positivas.
- “Eu vi alegria nos ratos.” - Uma observação que muda a visão sobre emoções em animais.
- “O tempo antes de uma recompensa.” - Um aspecto do processo que pode ser manipulado para entender melhor a antecipação.
Guia Passo a Passo para Shadowing
A prática de shadow speech é uma excelente maneira de melhorar a pronúncia em inglês e desenvolver suas habilidades de escuta. Para trabalhar com este vídeo em particular, siga os passos abaixo:
- Assista ao vídeo uma vez. Antes de começar a prática de shadowing, assista ao vídeo inteiro para entender o contexto geral e as emoções transmitidas pela palestrante.
- Parte-se o vídeo em seções curtas. Escolha uma frase ou um parágrafo e escute, prestando atenção nos sons e na entonação da Lambert.
- Repita imediatamente após ouvir. Use a técnica de shadowing em inglês, tentando imitar a pronúncia e o ritmo dela. Esse passo é fundamental para internalizar a sonoridade do inglês.
- Grave sua própria voz. Comparar sua gravação com a original pode ajudar a identificar áreas onde você precisa melhorar.
- Pratique regularmente. A prática constante é vital. Tente repetir o processo com diferentes partes do vídeo para solidificar suas habilidades de conversação em inglês.
Utilizar esses métodos não só auxilia na melhorias de habilidades de comunicação, mas também torna a aprendizagem do inglês mais divertida e interativa.
O que é a Técnica de Shadowing?
Shadowing é uma técnica de aprendizado de idiomas com base científica, originalmente desenvolvida para o treinamento de intérpretes profissionais. O método é simples, mas poderoso: você ouve áudio em inglês nativo e repete imediatamente em voz alta — como uma sombra seguindo o falante com 1-2 segundos de atraso. Pesquisas mostram melhora significativa na precisão da pronúncia, entonação, ritmo, sons conectados, compreensão auditiva e fluência na fala.
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