Prática de Shadowing: Ilissa Ocko: The fastest way to slow climate change now | TED Countdown - Aprenda a falar inglês com o YouTube
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Reviewer.
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In the time it took me to walk on stage,
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around 10 seconds, more than 10,000 metric tons of climate-warming gases have been pumped into the atmosphere from human actions.
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To provide some context on just how much that is,
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that is the weight equivalent of 170,000 of me emitted in gas in 10 seconds.
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99 percent of this pollution is carbon dioxide,
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CO2, and we know we need to reduce it.
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The other one percent is almost entirely methane,
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which mostly comes from producing fossil fuels,
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managing waste and raising livestock.
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But that one percent of methane could cause more warming over the next 10 years than all that CO2.
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This is because methane absorbs a lot more energy per unit mass for reasons relating to its molecular structure
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and its ability to form other greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.
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CO2 is important because it can linger in the atmosphere long after it is emitted,
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which means we must achieve net zero emissions to eventually stabilize our climate.
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This is key for protecting generations to come.
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But with climate change already devastating so many lives today,
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we can't focus only on the distant future.
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My work as a scientist aims to identify ways to slow down warming as fast as possible
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so that we can lower the risks of worsening damages in the near future.
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This is where methane comes in.
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That 1 percent of methane may cause more warming than all that CO2 in the next several years,
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but it only lasts in the atmosphere for around a decade.
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Methane's warming power is therefore not from the gradual buildup over time like CO2,
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but almost entirely from recent emissions.
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This means that every time we reduce methane,
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we can reduce a lot of warming right away.
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In fact, cutting methane is the single fastest,
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most effective opportunity to immediately slow down the rate of warming.
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And this is because not only does methane act fast,
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but because we can act fast,
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because we have the technologies available right now to cut methane emissions from human activities in half.
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And even better, many of these solutions pay for themselves.
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The methane we emit comes from three main sources,
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energy production, waste management and agriculture.
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The first category, energy production,
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is the largest and cheapest opportunity we have to cut methane today.
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Most methane from energy isn't from burning fossil fuels.
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It's from producing fossil fuels.
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Because natural gas, which is mostly methane,
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can easily escape into the atmosphere when extracting oil,
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gas and coal or when transporting gas through pipelines.
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In fact, these leaks can completely offset any near-term climate benefits of using gas instead of coal.
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But we have the technologies to cut the majority of these emissions,
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with around half for no net cost,
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because the saved gas can be sold.
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For example, oil fields in West Texas are wasting enough gas right now to heat more than two million homes.
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Fixing the methane problem, though,
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can be as simple as tightening a valve or placing a gasket or tuning an engine.
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A major reason why these easy fixes haven't been implemented isn't the cost.
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It's because governments and industry have been data-deprived,
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lacking information on where and how much is emitted.
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But our ability to detect these leaks has rapidly advanced in recent years.
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Everything from handheld instruments to sensors on aircrafts and drones.
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And now there's a growing universe of satellites designed to locate and measure methane from space.
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That list includes MethaneSat,
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which is expected to be launch-ready next year and will be able to detect and quantify methane emissions
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across the globe with unprecedented precision.
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If we can find it, we can fix it.
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This part is not rocket science.
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It's more like plumbing.
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I can't tell you enough how hopeful that makes me for the future.
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We can also reduce a lot of emissions from the second category,
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waste management, where methane is produced as bacteria decompose garbage in landfills and sludge in wastewater.
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Some of the largest landfills receive enough trash per day to fill more than 10 Olympic-sized swimming pools before it is compacted.
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But we can suck up the methane from landfills by using tubes with vacuums
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and then use it to generate electricity because methane is an energy-packed fuel.
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We can also reduce emissions by sending some trash,
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like food waste, away from landfills and instead to composting centers that are designed to prevent the release of methane.
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The third category, agriculture, emits the most and remains the hardest to address.
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But there are exciting new technologies on the horizon.
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The number one source is livestock.
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Some farm animals, like the billion-plus cattle worldwide,
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belch methane that was produced when digesting plants like grass.
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Reducing these emissions is possible with higher-quality feed,
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and scientists are developing and testing new technologies,
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like feed supplements, that can suppress methane production in a cow's gut by at least 30 percent,
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with no negative effects on productivity or quality.
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Livestock manure can also produce methane when concentrated,
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but we can cover manure lagoons and then pump manure into digesters that can capture the methane,
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which can then be used for heat and electricity.
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Another methane source is rice production.
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This one crop is a staple for half the world's population.
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But the plants grow in flooded fields that create ideal conditions for microbes to form methane.
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We can slash emissions from methane by improving how we manage the required water,
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which can be as simple as maintaining a shallow level of water in the rice fields.
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Implementing all of these solutions will take work.
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But people have already started to act.
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Many governments, oil and gas CEOs,
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landfill operators and farmers are advancing measures to reduce methane.
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But we need more,
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because there is a lot of warming that we can prevent
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if we quickly deploy the full set of affordable and available strategies.
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We need standalone methane targets as part of every company's business model
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and every country's nationally determined contribution as the Paris Agreement is strengthened.
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Because if we succeed in a rapid,
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full-scale effort to cut methane,
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we have a chance to actually experience the benefits fast in our lifetimes.
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For example, my colleagues and I found
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that we could slow down the rate of warming by as much as 30 percent before mid-century.
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This would help communities and ecosystems adapt to a changing climate
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and hit the brakes on worsening extreme events like wildfires in the Americas and Australia and flooding in Europe and Asia.
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It would also help clean up our air,
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saving lives and crops because methane contributes to ozone pollution.
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And because some of the people most vulnerable to the impacts of climate change are on the front lines of methane emissions,
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these solutions can also help reduce the inequity of climate change.
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For example, by job creation.
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If we fast forward to later decades,
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acting now to cut methane can also help protect Arctic sea ice.
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This is because when methane reductions are combined with strong actions to cut CO2,
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it becomes unlikely that temperatures would rise to levels that would trigger a total loss in Arctic summer sea ice.
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This is important not just for polar communities and ecosystems,
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but actually for the entire world.
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I've now been talking for almost 10 minutes,
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which means that more than 700,000 metric tons of climate warming gases have been pumped into the atmosphere.
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Now that equals the weight of 12 million of me.
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Of all this pollution, it is the methane
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that could warm the Earth the most over the next 10 years
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but we know how to cut these emissions in half right now from energy, waste and agriculture.
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This is the methane moment,
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because cutting methane is the single fastest,
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most effective opportunity to reduce climate change risks in the near term.
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And cutting CO2, which will otherwise build up over time,
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is the key to reducing risks in the long term.
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We need to do both to plot a safer course for ourselves and our children,
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and for generations to come.
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Thank you so much.
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Sobre Esta Lição
Nesta lição, os alunos terão a oportunidade de praticar o inglês a partir da palestra de Ilissa Ocko sobre as mudanças climáticas. Ao ouvir e repetir partes da transcrição, você poderá melhorar sua pronúncia e fluência. O foco estará na comunicação clara de conceitos científicos, especificamente sobre as emissões de gases de efeito estufa e a importância da redução do metano. Este exercício não apenas ajudará na sua compreensão do conteúdo, mas também permitirá que você internalize novas estruturas de frases e vocabulário relacionado ao meio ambiente.
Vocabulário e Frases-Chave
- emissões de gases - gases que são lançados na atmosfera.
- mudanças climáticas - alterações globais nos padrões climáticos.
- reduzir metano - a ação de diminuir a quantidade de metano liberado.
- energia renovável - fontes de energia que são naturalmente reabastecidas.
- tecnologias disponíveis - inovações que podem ser usadas agora para resolver problemas.
- quentes salários - um termo sobre o custo de ações que acabam se pagando.
- impacto imediato - efeitos que podem ser vistos rapidamente após uma ação.
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Shadowing é uma técnica de aprendizado de idiomas com base científica, originalmente desenvolvida para o treinamento de intérpretes profissionais. O método é simples, mas poderoso: você ouve áudio em inglês nativo e repete imediatamente em voz alta — como uma sombra seguindo o falante com 1-2 segundos de atraso. Pesquisas mostram melhora significativa na precisão da pronúncia, entonação, ritmo, sons conectados, compreensão auditiva e fluência na fala.
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