Практика Shadowing: What space telescopes teach us about the universe | Amber Straughn | TEDxCapeMay - Изучайте разговорный английский с YouTube
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So imagine
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So imagine
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for a moment that you're on my family's farm in rural Arkansas.
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It's a beautiful summer night.
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You can hear the crickets,
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and you can smell the honeysuckle.
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and the sky is filled with thousands of stars.
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Those stars called my name as a kid,
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and I spent countless nights outside looking up and asking some of the same questions that humans have been asking for millennia.
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Where did we come from?
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How did we get here?
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Are we alone?
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A dark night sky full of stars has always been an open invitation to ask big questions.
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across languages, across time, across culture,
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the universe invites us to look up and to wonder.
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I was really fortunate as a kid that I had parents that supported my curiosity.
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I distinctly remember one time I asked my mom some outlandish question,
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and she looked at me and she said,
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I don't know the answer to that,
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but someday you can figure it out.
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That gave me the courage to start to follow my dreams,
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Today I'm an astrophysicist at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center in Maryland.
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When I was in the fifth grade,
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NASA launched the Hubble Space Telescope and I was hooked.
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Those beautiful images of stars and galaxies really spoke to my soul.
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And Hubble has been in space now for over three decades and is still incredibly productive.
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And it certainly paved the way for what was to come next.
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The James Webb Space Telescope is by far the biggest and most complex telescope that we've ever sent to space.
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Projects like these take decades of focus.
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The iconic gold mirrors were one of the first technologies we started working on over 20 years ago.
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This giant mirror is polished so smoothly that if you stretched it out to be the size of the continental US,
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the biggest mountain would only be a few inches high.
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The telescope has a giant sunshield the size of a tennis court
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that basically serves to protect the mirrors from the heat and the light of the sun.
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It's basically a giant beach umbrella and it provides an SPF of about a million.
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Decades of work on something that's never been done before,
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I don't have to tell you that this was difficult.
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It was impossible when we got started.
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We had to invent 10 new technologies just to get started building the telescope.
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And we had engineering difficulties along the way.
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We had problems with our detectors,
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we had problems with the sunshield, with the electronics.
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We had over 300 single point failures.
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Individual things that had to go perfectly or the telescope would fail.
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we would be too far away to go and fix it.
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Before launch, people used to ask me, are you scared?
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And I knew that our brilliant engineers had done everything they could to ensure mission success.
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I knew it, but still.
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300 single-point failures.
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I was terrified.
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And then, on Christmas Day 2021, we launched into space.
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I was originally supposed to watch the launch or work the launch from the Mission Ops Center,
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but as it started to slip into the holidays,
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I decided, along with several others,
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to work the launch remotely.
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A lot of us have been working remotely for a long time.
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It's still incredible to me that the two years leading up to launch were done during a global pandemic.
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So in a true full circle moment for me,
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I worked the launch from my mom's couch in Arkansas.
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This incredible video shows real footage of the telescope separating from the rocket shortly after launch.
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In this view, you're seeing the bottom of the folded up telescope.
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You can see little bits of ice floating off,
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and of course the beautiful earth in the background.
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Launch was a moment of true celebration for our team.
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But remember what I said about all those single point failures?
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We had six months of intense work to unfold the telescope and to get it into working order
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before we released the science images to the world.
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it all went perfectly
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and then in july of 2022 we released those images to
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the world for the first time using some of these new
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images i want to tell you a cosmic story our collective
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cosmic story starting with our backyard of the solar system how many of you have seen saturn through a telescope
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It's memorable, right?
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The first time I saw Saturn through a telescope,
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I thought it looked fake,
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almost like somebody was holding out a cardboard cutout at the end of the telescope.
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This view of Saturn from JWST shows us a whole new view of the ringed planet.
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JWST sees the universe in infrared light that's completely invisible to our eyes.
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Light is light that's a little bit more red than what your eyes can see.
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In this view, the methane gas on the planet's atmosphere is absorbing a lot of the infrared sunlight that hits it,
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whereas the icy rings are reflecting it.
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And of course, in addition to planets in our own solar system,
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we now know that there are planets orbiting other stars outside of our solar system,
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what we call exoplanets.
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JWST is allowing us to start to look at the chemical
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signatures in the atmospheres of these planets orbiting other stars in a way that's never been possible before.
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Another one of my favorite images is the Pillars of Creation.
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Here we see stars being born out of gas and dust.
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To set the scale for this image,
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every point of light that you see here is a star like our Sun.
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The pillars of creation lie about 6,500 light years away.
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That means that the light that we're seeing has been traveling through space for 6,500 years until it got to our telescope.
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In this sense, telescopes are time machines.
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They literally allow us to see into the past.
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And that's due to the simple nature of the way light travels through space.
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It takes time to travel.
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So light from the sun takes about eight minutes to reach the Earth.
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So in essence, we're seeing the sun as it was eight minutes ago.
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You can think about stepping out to objects that are further and further away,
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and we're seeing them as they were in the distant past.
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This gives us an incredible ability to study the universe.
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The pillars of creation still lie within our Milky Way galaxy.
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Now I want to step a little further out and show you another galaxy.
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So first, to take you back to middle school science class for a moment,
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a galaxy is just a collection of stars held together by gravity.
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If you go outside tonight,
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look up at the stars,
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all the stars you'll see in the nighttime sky are part of our home galaxy of the Milky Way.
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This galaxy is similar to our Milky Way in that it's a spiral galaxy defined by its shape.
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In the center here, the bluish light is showing us an older population of stars,
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whereas new stars and gas and dust are radiating out in spiral arms from the center.
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The Hubble view of the same galaxy in the lower right
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shows us immediately why having different types of telescopes in space is so important.
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Hubble sees the universe in visible light like your eyes see,
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whereas JWST sees in infrared light.
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And And having these different types of light helps us to put together a more complete picture of how the universe works.
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These telescopes have shown us that the universe is filled with galaxies.
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This is one of my personally favorite images because this is part of a project that I work on myself.
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I study how stars and black holes form in distant galaxies,
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and these deep fields of the universe are helping us learn about those processes.
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And again, scale is always important in astronomy.
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In this image, we're looking through and past our Milky Way galaxy to the deep, distant universe.
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Almost every point of light that we see here is not a star,
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but an individual galaxy itself filled with hundreds of billions of stars.
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And in this view, we see 10,000 galaxies.
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And so you might think,
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okay, it's a big picture of the sky, right?
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But no. If you hold out your pinky finger at arm's distance,
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you can cover up this tiny patch of sky.
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10,000 galaxies under your pinky.
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Images like this have shown us that the universe is filled with hundreds of billions,
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perhaps a trillion other galaxies.
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These deep-filled images from JWST are doing exactly what they were meant to do.
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They're allowing us to look back in time over 13.5 billion
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years into the past to help us learn how it all got started.
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And what we're finding is incredible and a little puzzling.
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We're finding many more of these early galaxies than we expected,
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and they seem to be bigger than our theories predicted,
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and their black holes are growing faster than we expected.
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And we don't yet understand why.
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It's a really exciting place to be in science.
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In this view, we've zoomed way out, far back.
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Now I want to take you back a little bit closer to home,
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back within our own Milky Way galaxy.
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So before launch, when people used to ask me what my favorite image was,
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I would usually point to a deep field like this.
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But not anymore.
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These are the cosmic cliffs of the Carina Nebula.
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Here we see over 100 new stars for the very first time.
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Near the top of the image,
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hot young stars are giving off massive amounts of radiation and carving out the beautiful vista below.
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And it is beautiful, right?
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But why?
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Why do we find these images beautiful?
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It's a bit strange, actually.
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It's completely normal that we would find images of sunsets or oceans or mountains beautiful.
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Those things are part of our experience as humans.
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But nebulae and galaxies aren't.
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Why is it we find these images beautiful?
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I don't think I know the answer to that.
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But I wonder if it might be that on some deep level,
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we realize when we look out at the universe,
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we're looking back at ourselves, back at our origins.
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Something about this feels like home.
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Of all the astounding things that we've learned from JWST over the past few years,
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there's still something incredible.
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Everything that we can see and measure,
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all the hundreds of billions of galaxies,
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trillions of stars, countless planets,
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all of that stuff only makes up 5% of the universe.
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The rest, the other 95%, we have no idea.
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Of this 95%, we think about 5% is normal matter,
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25% about is what we call dark matter,
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and a little over two-thirds is dark energy.
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So first, dark matter.
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Dark matter is like normal matter in that it has mass and takes up space.
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but we only know it exists because we can see its effect on other objects.
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We've never seen it directly,
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and it doesn't seem to interact with light or itself or anything else.
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It's weird.
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It might be some subatomic particle that we haven't identified yet,
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but we don't really know.
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If you think dark matter is strange,
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let me tell you about dark energy.
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We've known for a long time,
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almost 100 years now, that the universe is expanding.
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But in the late 90s,
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we learned something truly unexpected.
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The universe is expanding faster and faster all the time.
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It's accelerating in its expansion.
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This was something that we never dreamed of,
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and we call this property of the universe dark energy.
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And you guessed it, we have no idea what's causing it.
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We have some theories as to what it might be.
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We think it's probably intrinsic to space itself,
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but really it's one of the biggest mysteries in science overall.
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So there you have it.
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Almost all of everything that is,
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and we don't know what it is.
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But we're building a telescope to help us find out.
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The Nancy Grace Roman Telescope,
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NASA's first astrophysics mission named after a woman,
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is being built right now,
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and one of its primary goals is to help us unravel the dark universe.
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It will launch in early 2027.
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Another one of our cosmic unknowns is a question that's central to our very existence as human beings.
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Are we alone?
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Right now at NASA, we're developing the technologies
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that will ultimately enable a telescope that's specifically designed to find life on an Earth-like planet.
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We're calling it the Habitable Worlds Observatory.
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These telescopes are not just for me and my astronomer friends.
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They're yours too.
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In a very real sense,
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if you're a taxpayer in the US,
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Canada, or Europe, they are very much yours.
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You made them possible.
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But even beyond that, anyone in the world can go and download these images and data and use them.
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These telescopes belong to all of us.
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We're in a difficult time on our planet right now.
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I believe that these telescopes give us more than just answers to science questions.
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They help us think outside of ourselves,
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they remind us of the beauty of the universe,
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and they show us our connectedness of me to you and you to me.
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We've got each other.
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We're not in this alone.
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And that gives us reason to hope.
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The hope that any little girl or little boy can achieve their dreams with the support of their family and community.
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The cosmic hope that if we live our lives with all-filled wonder and curiosity,
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and if we put our hearts and our minds together to work for something good,
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that we truly can achieve the impossible.
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It's worth it.
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Can you imagine learning the answers to all of these questions?
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Finding out what the 95% is.
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Finding out if life exists in the universe.
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Don't you want to know?
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Thank you.
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В этом видео Аम्बर Строун делится своей страстью к астрономии и рассказывает о влиянии телескопов на наше понимание Вселенной. Она описывает, как её детские впечатления и поддержка родителей вдохновили её стать астрофизиком. А также обсуждает сложный процесс разработки и запуска самих современных космических телескопов, таких как телескоп Джеймса Уэбба. Понимание таких научных тем может помочь в изучении английского языка и улучшении разговорных навыков.
Топ-5 фраз для повседневного общения
- “Where do we come from?” - «Откуда мы пришли?»
- “Are we alone?” - «Мы одни?»
- “I don’t know the answer to that, but someday you can figure it out.” - «Я не знаю на это ответа, но когда-нибудь ты сможешь это выяснить.»
- “It was impossible when we got started.” - «Это было невозможно, когда мы только начинали.»
- “Launch was a moment of true celebration for our team.” - «Запуск был настоящим поводом для празднования для нашей команды.»
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