Практика Shadowing: Who is polluting the ocean with plastic? - Изучайте разговорный английский с YouTube
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Plastic waste is piling up in the world's landfills,
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Plastic waste is piling up in the world's landfills,
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sewer systems and in the ocean.
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Plastic pollution is destroying life in the ocean.
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A gigantic swell of trash floating in the Pacific Ocean.
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And human coastal communities.
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We see plastic everywhere.
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Some of the places being hit hardest are small island states.
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Small island developing states contribute minimally to a lot of environmental challenges.
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but are impacted the most.
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So what do these countries reveal about the problem and the answers urgently needed to solve it?
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On a small island in Fiji,
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Sam is a fisherman who depends on the sea.
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My community connection with the sea is our daily life life.
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The majority of Fiji's population live near the coast
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and many are all too aware of an increasing scourge in the water, plastic pollution.
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When we go to the sea,
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even the coral, you'll see the plastics there.
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The fish that usually stays in the coral,
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they are not there anymore and usually the fish we catch,
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you can catch it now.
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There's a lot of plastic.
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It's been polluting our ocean a lot.
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I think Fiji has definitely changed due to plastic pollution.
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I believe that it's going to bring many problems in the future.
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Fiji is part of a group known as Small Island Developing States, or SIDS.
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These islands have a combined population of just 65 million,
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and suffer the consequences of plastic pollution disproportionately.
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That's because plastic pollution damages the industries their economies depend on.
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Fishing, but also tourism.
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A lot of the plastic waste that washes ashore small island developing states affect our tourism.
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We're dealing with small economies already vulnerable to so many environmental challenges,
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climate change, rising sea level and economic growth.
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Globally, humans produce around 350 million tonnes of plastic waste per year,
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a figure projected to almost triple by 2060.
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It's estimated around 11 to 14 million tonnes ends up in the ocean.
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So how is this plastic getting into the water?
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does come from small islands.
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Per person, the Caribbean is one of the highest emitters of plastic to the ocean.
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The challenge for small islands across the world is overflowing and unregulated landfills like these.
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With limited space, dump sites are often close to the coast and the main option for getting rid of waste.
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There are leakage issues because of unsound waste management and low resources.
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There's There's limited land space for landfill capacity and low resources for recycling,
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which leads to an acceleration of the plastic waste in-country.
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But most plastic pollution in the ocean is not coming from small islands.
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Pacific island countries produce less than 1.3% of the mismanaged plastics in the world's oceans,
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yet are one of the main recipients.
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A lot of plastic pollution washes up on the shores of small islands because of ocean currents.
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I'm interested in the dynamics of how the ocean actually moves.
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Professor Eric van Sebeel was one of the first to use simulations like this to show how
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and where currents lead to hot spots of plastic in the ocean.
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We developed simulations of how the ocean currents move plastic from one location to the other location.
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What we see is that a lot of the plastic stays near shores.
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And then some of the plastic eventually ends up in the centers of what we call the sub-tropagal gyres.
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There are five of them,
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one in the North Pacific,
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one in the North Atlantic,
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and then three in the South Pacific,
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the South Atlantic and the Indian Ocean.
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Large areas of the ocean and many coastlines are badly affected.
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But his research backs up the idea that many small islands suffer especially from plastic pollution.
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So I think that seeds are particularly impacted by plastic pollution.
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And that's both on the effect that it has on their local economies,
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but also
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because those sids are in the middle of the ocean there where there's a lot of plastic floating around
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that may end up on their coastline.
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The Seychelles is a group of islands in the Indian Ocean which are particularly affected by ocean currents.
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On the Aldebarra Atoll, one of the country's largest marine protected areas,
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Scientists from Oxford University collaborated with the Seychelles Islands Foundation to collect data on the source of pollution.
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As you can see, the beach crest is absolutely covered in marine debris.
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Because Aldabra is not inhabited,
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we know that none of the plastic that's arriving on Aldabra is actually coming from Aldabra.
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This simulation, created by the scientists,
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shows how debris enters the ocean from countries such as Indonesia,
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India and Sri Lanka.
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Some of that debris makes its way to the Seychelles via ocean currents.
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The scientists also found another big source of waste on Aldebaran, industrial fishing.
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We found the majority of waste by weight was from the industrial fisheries.
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Big ropes, nets, buoys, discarded barrels.
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The team removed 25 tonnes of rubbish,
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but estimated this was just 5% of the total amount on the island.
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One of the biggest things that we noticed was
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that the turtle nesting leeches were so clogged with plastic that it was actually putting the turtles off from nesting there.
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The whole of Seychelles is impacted by plastic pollution.
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This is a global problem that's arriving on their shores on a scale at which they're not able to deal with.
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Although the fishing industry is a major cause of this global problem,
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research suggests the the biggest sources are rivers in polluting countries in Asia.
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Those studying the hotspots in the ocean say tracking the different sources of this pollution is vital.
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It means the polluters can be named and shamed.
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One of the things
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that I really want to do with the simulation is run them in backward mode and then essentially play the blame game.
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And then we can assign a probability,
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a chance that it comes from say a certain river,
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from a certain fisheries area, from a certain country.
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Then we can maybe, maybe,
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maybe start thinking about litigation and really get the blame game into court.
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But what are islands themselves doing to get rid of plastic in their own backyards?
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There's one simple and obvious thing.
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Beach clean-ups.
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These are now common on islands across the world,
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and they also help in ways that the naked eye cannot see.
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every time that plastic goes back and forth,
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on the sand, on the rocks,
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that is where microplastics are actually created.
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And that means that cleaning up coastlines is actually the most effective way to clean up the ocean.
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Then you prevent it from getting back into the ocean as microplastics.
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Countries can also go further and ban some ways that plastics are used.
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One tiny Pacific island has led the charge here.
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Vanuatu was one of the first countries in the world to enforce a single-use plastic ban.
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And it now has some of the toughest plastic restrictions in the world.
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In 2018, it banned items such as single-use plastic bags,
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plastic straws, and takeaway containers,
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with more items added to the list since.
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Since the ban, there's a big change.
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Before we had many plastic bags,
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but now we have none.
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Regina is a local weaver who says she is benefiting from the bans by selling bags made from alternative materials,
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such as the leaves from local trees.
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When we free the plastic bags, it develops my business.
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With our country free from the plastic,
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we can do many different kinds of things apart from this.
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And on Vanuatu's beaches, Dr. Christina Shaw has measured the success of the bands.
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So that's fishing line.
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So you get everything mixed up together and then tangled.
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One more one.
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Five.
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Five.
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And that last bit.
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During beach cleanups, banned plastic items now make up 2% of recorded litter.
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Before the bands, that figure was 25 to 35%.
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I think one of the big things
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that some of the small island nations have done is actually stepped up and made the decision.
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They go, no, it is a problem,
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we're going to ban these plastics,
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we're going to do what we can do.
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And I think that is a lesson for the bigger governments as well.
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However, it's near impossible for any country,
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especially inhabited small islands, to survive without any plastics.
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It's difficult for small island nations to be completely plastic free,
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because we're We're not in control of the whole life cycle of plastics.
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All of our plastics are imported.
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By far, the biggest item we have is plastic food packaging.
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So you know, your noodle wrappers,
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lolly wrappers, chewing gum wrappers.
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We're reliant on the innovations in other nations
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and other big companies to make it so that it makes it easier for us to try and become plastic free.
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Now, more than 120 countries across the world have bans and taxes on various single-use plastics.
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These include big countries such as India and Canada,
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as well as small islands in the Pacific, Caribbean and beyond.
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And while this has brought some reduction in waste,
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banning plastics can pass the buck.
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Switching to alternative materials can create other waste problems.
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So it's vital to get better at reusing and recycling plastics.
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Globally, only 9% of plastics are recycled,
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19% incinerated, 22% mismanaged, and 50% end up in landfill.
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On small islands, recycling is tricky because they lack the infrastructure and space.
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It requires sending waste abroad, often long distances.
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And that's expensive.
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We know we need to develop recycling capabilities.
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I think we need to talk about the resource needs,
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the gaps, the challenges, and the avenues for support if we are to ever solve this problem.
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And there's another much bigger global challenge here.
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Current recycling methods, even in rich countries, are a bit rubbish.
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Most plastics can only be recycled two or three times before they become unusable and end up in landfill.
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To solve the world's plastic problem,
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what's needed is a new technology to improve recycling.
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One that depends on work far beyond the shores of small islands.
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What we really need is a recycling process that takes
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that material back into virgin-like properties so that it can be used in the original application again and again.
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Professor John McGeehan and his colleagues have been working on just that,
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a whole new approach to recycling.
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At the University of Portsmouth on Britain's south coast,
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they have been identifying and engineering what are known as plastic-eating enzymes.
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These can break plastics down into their original component molecules,
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which can then be used in infinite cycles.
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What we're looking for is more circular technologies
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that can really generate the building blocks and allow us to infinitely use that material again.
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Teams of researchers across the world are searching for these enzymes that can break down common plastics.
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Many are looking in pollution hotspots like Indonesia and the Philippines,
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and also on small islands like Singapore.
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The best place to look for enzymes that can digest plastic is places like beaches,
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corals and particularly mangroves, places where there's high areas of plastic pollution.
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We've been working with colleagues all around South East Asia,
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particularly based in Singapore, where there's groups there
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that can go out into the field and in those areas we're starting to see enzymes that are developing,
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evolving, that can eat the plastics themselves.
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we can actually then bring them back to the laboratory,
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identify the enzymes, and then engineer them to be faster.
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Plastic eating enzymes have great potential to reduce waste.
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Although the technology is still a long way from being used at a global scale.
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And from overcoming the infrastructure challenges linked to current recycling practices.
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We need to develop technologies that are scalable,
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but also are deployable into the areas where plastic pollution exists.
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And we think that's possible.
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We think we can actually miniaturise some of the solutions so
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that local communities can potentially degrade plastics and get chemicals out of those
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that they can then sell and actually give back to the local economy.
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Plastic pollution is ultimately the world's problem.
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And new levels of global cooperation needed to solve it.
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Although small island states have led calls for action,
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richer and larger countries will determine whether this happens.
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We will have a strong global,
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international and comprehensive framework on plastic pollution.
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In 2022, a UN resolution was signed by 175 countries Committed to developing a global,
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legally binding plastics treaty by the end of 2024.
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This promises to cover production,
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packaging, design and disposal of plastics.
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But for now, it's just talk and no walk.
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Without coming together, we're going to see fragmented approaches.
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We're going to see a proliferation in this issue that would lead to unsustainable levels of plastic pollution.
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We're hopeful the Treaty will make a difference,
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but it has to be strong enough to do so.
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Thank you.
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Ключевая лексика и фразы
- Plastic pollution - загрязнение пластиком
- Ocean currents - океанские течения
- Small Island Developing States (SIDS) - малые островные развивающиеся государства
- Marine life - морская жизнь
- Coral reefs - коралловые рифы
- Waste management - управление отходами
- Tourism - туризм
- Environmental challenges - экологические проблемы
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