ฝึกพูดภาษาอังกฤษด้วยเทคนิค Shadowing จากวิดีโอ: The philosophy of Stoicism - Massimo Pigliucci

you've been stranded thousands of miles from home with no money or possessions such a predicament would make many people despair and curse their awful

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you've been stranded thousands of miles from home with no money or possessions such a predicament would make many people despair and curse their awful

fate but for zeal of Cyprus it became the foundation of his life's work and legacy the once wealthy merchants lost everything when he was shipwrecked in

Athens around 300 BCE with not much else to do he wandered into a book shop became intrigued by reading about Socrates and proceeded to seek out and study with the cities noted philosophers as Zeno

began educating his own students he originated the philosophy known as stoicism whose teachings of virtue tolerance and self-control have inspired

generations of thinkers and leaders the name stoicism comes from the stoah poet Goulet the decorated public Colin odd where Zeno and his disciples gathered

for discussion today we colloquially used the word stoic to mean someone who remains calm under pressure and avoids emotional extremes but while this

captures important aspects of stoicism the original philosophy was more than just an attitude the Stoics believed that everything around us operates according to a web of cause and effect resulting in a rational

structure of the universe which they called logos and while we may not always have control over the events affecting us we can have control over how we

approach things rather than imagining an ideal Society the stoic tries to deal with the world as it is while pursuing self-improvement through four cardinal

virtues practical wisdom the ability to navigate complex situations in a logical informed and calm manner temperance the exercise of

self-restraint and moderation in all aspects life justice treating others with fairness even when they have done wrong and courage not just in extraordinary circumstances but facing daily

challenges with clarity and integrity as Seneca one of the most famous Roman Stoics wrote sometimes even to live is an act of courage but while stoicism

focuses on personal improvement it's not a self-centered philosophy at a time when Roman law is considered slaves as property Seneca called for their humane

treatment and stressed that we all share the same fundamental humanity nor does stoicism encourage passivity the idea is that only people who have cultivated

virtue and self-control in themselves can bring positive change in others one of the most famous stoic writers was also one of Rome's greatest emperors

over the course of his 19-year reign stoicism gave Marcus Aurelius the resolve to lead the Empire through two major Wars while dealing with the loss

of many of his children's centuries later Marcus's journals would guide and comfort Nelson Mandela through his 27 year imprisonment during his struggle for racial equality in South Africa

after his release and eventual victory Mandela stressed peace and reconciliation believing that while the in justices of the past couldn't be changed his people could confront them in the present and seek to build a

better more just future stoicism was an active school of philosophy for several centuries in Greece and Rome as a formal institution it faded away but its

influence has continued to this day Christian theologians such as Thomas Aquinas have admired and adopted its focus on the virtues and there are

parallels between stoic ataraxia or tranquility of mind and the Buddhist concept of Nirvana one particularly influential stoic was the philosopher

Epictetus who wrote that suffering stems not from the events in our lives but from our judgments about them this has resonated strongly with modern psychology and the self-help movement for example rational emotive behavioral

therapy focuses on changing the self-defeating attitudes people form about their life circumstances there is also Victor Frankel's logotherapy

informed by Frankel zone time as a concentration camp prisoner logo therapy is based on the stoic principle that we can harness our willpower to fill our

lives with meaning even in the bleakest situations

you

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