Luyện nói tiếng Anh bằng Shadowing qua video: Who is polluting the ocean with plastic?
C1
Plastic waste is piling up in the world's landfills,
212 câu
Nếu các câu quá ngắn hoặc quá dài, hãy bấm Edit để chỉnh sửa.
1
Plastic waste is piling up in the world's landfills,
2
sewer systems and in the ocean.
3
Plastic pollution is destroying life in the ocean.
4
A gigantic swell of trash floating in the Pacific Ocean.
5
And human coastal communities.
6
We see plastic everywhere.
7
Some of the places being hit hardest are small island states.
8
Small island developing states contribute minimally to a lot of environmental challenges.
9
but are impacted the most.
10
So what do these countries reveal about the problem and the answers urgently needed to solve it?
11
On a small island in Fiji,
12
Sam is a fisherman who depends on the sea.
13
My community connection with the sea is our daily life life.
14
The majority of Fiji's population live near the coast
15
and many are all too aware of an increasing scourge in the water, plastic pollution.
16
When we go to the sea,
17
even the coral, you'll see the plastics there.
18
The fish that usually stays in the coral,
19
they are not there anymore and usually the fish we catch,
20
you can catch it now.
21
There's a lot of plastic.
22
It's been polluting our ocean a lot.
23
I think Fiji has definitely changed due to plastic pollution.
24
I believe that it's going to bring many problems in the future.
25
Fiji is part of a group known as Small Island Developing States, or SIDS.
26
These islands have a combined population of just 65 million,
27
and suffer the consequences of plastic pollution disproportionately.
28
That's because plastic pollution damages the industries their economies depend on.
29
Fishing, but also tourism.
30
A lot of the plastic waste that washes ashore small island developing states affect our tourism.
31
We're dealing with small economies already vulnerable to so many environmental challenges,
32
climate change, rising sea level and economic growth.
33
Globally, humans produce around 350 million tonnes of plastic waste per year,
34
a figure projected to almost triple by 2060.
35
It's estimated around 11 to 14 million tonnes ends up in the ocean.
36
So how is this plastic getting into the water?
37
does come from small islands.
38
Per person, the Caribbean is one of the highest emitters of plastic to the ocean.
39
The challenge for small islands across the world is overflowing and unregulated landfills like these.
40
With limited space, dump sites are often close to the coast and the main option for getting rid of waste.
41
There are leakage issues because of unsound waste management and low resources.
42
There's There's limited land space for landfill capacity and low resources for recycling,
43
which leads to an acceleration of the plastic waste in-country.
44
But most plastic pollution in the ocean is not coming from small islands.
45
Pacific island countries produce less than 1.3% of the mismanaged plastics in the world's oceans,
46
yet are one of the main recipients.
47
A lot of plastic pollution washes up on the shores of small islands because of ocean currents.
48
I'm interested in the dynamics of how the ocean actually moves.
49
Professor Eric van Sebeel was one of the first to use simulations like this to show how
50
and where currents lead to hot spots of plastic in the ocean.
51
We developed simulations of how the ocean currents move plastic from one location to the other location.
52
What we see is that a lot of the plastic stays near shores.
53
And then some of the plastic eventually ends up in the centers of what we call the sub-tropagal gyres.
54
There are five of them,
55
one in the North Pacific,
56
one in the North Atlantic,
57
and then three in the South Pacific,
58
the South Atlantic and the Indian Ocean.
59
Large areas of the ocean and many coastlines are badly affected.
60
But his research backs up the idea that many small islands suffer especially from plastic pollution.
61
So I think that seeds are particularly impacted by plastic pollution.
62
And that's both on the effect that it has on their local economies,
63
but also
64
because those sids are in the middle of the ocean there where there's a lot of plastic floating around
65
that may end up on their coastline.
66
The Seychelles is a group of islands in the Indian Ocean which are particularly affected by ocean currents.
67
On the Aldebarra Atoll, one of the country's largest marine protected areas,
68
Scientists from Oxford University collaborated with the Seychelles Islands Foundation to collect data on the source of pollution.
69
As you can see, the beach crest is absolutely covered in marine debris.
70
Because Aldabra is not inhabited,
71
we know that none of the plastic that's arriving on Aldabra is actually coming from Aldabra.
72
This simulation, created by the scientists,
73
shows how debris enters the ocean from countries such as Indonesia,
74
India and Sri Lanka.
75
Some of that debris makes its way to the Seychelles via ocean currents.
76
The scientists also found another big source of waste on Aldebaran, industrial fishing.
77
We found the majority of waste by weight was from the industrial fisheries.
78
Big ropes, nets, buoys, discarded barrels.
79
The team removed 25 tonnes of rubbish,
80
but estimated this was just 5% of the total amount on the island.
81
One of the biggest things that we noticed was
82
that the turtle nesting leeches were so clogged with plastic that it was actually putting the turtles off from nesting there.
83
The whole of Seychelles is impacted by plastic pollution.
84
This is a global problem that's arriving on their shores on a scale at which they're not able to deal with.
85
Although the fishing industry is a major cause of this global problem,
86
research suggests the the biggest sources are rivers in polluting countries in Asia.
87
Those studying the hotspots in the ocean say tracking the different sources of this pollution is vital.
88
It means the polluters can be named and shamed.
89
One of the things
90
that I really want to do with the simulation is run them in backward mode and then essentially play the blame game.
91
And then we can assign a probability,
92
a chance that it comes from say a certain river,
93
from a certain fisheries area, from a certain country.
94
Then we can maybe, maybe,
95
maybe start thinking about litigation and really get the blame game into court.
96
But what are islands themselves doing to get rid of plastic in their own backyards?
97
There's one simple and obvious thing.
98
Beach clean-ups.
99
These are now common on islands across the world,
100
and they also help in ways that the naked eye cannot see.
101
every time that plastic goes back and forth,
102
on the sand, on the rocks,
103
that is where microplastics are actually created.
104
And that means that cleaning up coastlines is actually the most effective way to clean up the ocean.
105
Then you prevent it from getting back into the ocean as microplastics.
106
Countries can also go further and ban some ways that plastics are used.
107
One tiny Pacific island has led the charge here.
108
Vanuatu was one of the first countries in the world to enforce a single-use plastic ban.
109
And it now has some of the toughest plastic restrictions in the world.
110
In 2018, it banned items such as single-use plastic bags,
111
plastic straws, and takeaway containers,
112
with more items added to the list since.
113
Since the ban, there's a big change.
114
Before we had many plastic bags,
115
but now we have none.
116
Regina is a local weaver who says she is benefiting from the bans by selling bags made from alternative materials,
117
such as the leaves from local trees.
118
When we free the plastic bags, it develops my business.
119
With our country free from the plastic,
120
we can do many different kinds of things apart from this.
121
And on Vanuatu's beaches, Dr. Christina Shaw has measured the success of the bands.
122
So that's fishing line.
123
So you get everything mixed up together and then tangled.
124
One more one.
125
Five.
126
Five.
127
And that last bit.
128
During beach cleanups, banned plastic items now make up 2% of recorded litter.
129
Before the bands, that figure was 25 to 35%.
130
I think one of the big things
131
that some of the small island nations have done is actually stepped up and made the decision.
132
They go, no, it is a problem,
133
we're going to ban these plastics,
134
we're going to do what we can do.
135
And I think that is a lesson for the bigger governments as well.
136
However, it's near impossible for any country,
137
especially inhabited small islands, to survive without any plastics.
138
It's difficult for small island nations to be completely plastic free,
139
because we're We're not in control of the whole life cycle of plastics.
140
All of our plastics are imported.
141
By far, the biggest item we have is plastic food packaging.
142
So you know, your noodle wrappers,
143
lolly wrappers, chewing gum wrappers.
144
We're reliant on the innovations in other nations
145
and other big companies to make it so that it makes it easier for us to try and become plastic free.
146
Now, more than 120 countries across the world have bans and taxes on various single-use plastics.
147
These include big countries such as India and Canada,
148
as well as small islands in the Pacific, Caribbean and beyond.
149
And while this has brought some reduction in waste,
150
banning plastics can pass the buck.
151
Switching to alternative materials can create other waste problems.
152
So it's vital to get better at reusing and recycling plastics.
153
Globally, only 9% of plastics are recycled,
154
19% incinerated, 22% mismanaged, and 50% end up in landfill.
155
On small islands, recycling is tricky because they lack the infrastructure and space.
156
It requires sending waste abroad, often long distances.
157
And that's expensive.
158
We know we need to develop recycling capabilities.
159
I think we need to talk about the resource needs,
160
the gaps, the challenges, and the avenues for support if we are to ever solve this problem.
161
And there's another much bigger global challenge here.
162
Current recycling methods, even in rich countries, are a bit rubbish.
163
Most plastics can only be recycled two or three times before they become unusable and end up in landfill.
164
To solve the world's plastic problem,
165
what's needed is a new technology to improve recycling.
166
One that depends on work far beyond the shores of small islands.
167
What we really need is a recycling process that takes
168
that material back into virgin-like properties so that it can be used in the original application again and again.
169
Professor John McGeehan and his colleagues have been working on just that,
170
a whole new approach to recycling.
171
At the University of Portsmouth on Britain's south coast,
172
they have been identifying and engineering what are known as plastic-eating enzymes.
173
These can break plastics down into their original component molecules,
174
which can then be used in infinite cycles.
175
What we're looking for is more circular technologies
176
that can really generate the building blocks and allow us to infinitely use that material again.
177
Teams of researchers across the world are searching for these enzymes that can break down common plastics.
178
Many are looking in pollution hotspots like Indonesia and the Philippines,
179
and also on small islands like Singapore.
180
The best place to look for enzymes that can digest plastic is places like beaches,
181
corals and particularly mangroves, places where there's high areas of plastic pollution.
182
We've been working with colleagues all around South East Asia,
183
particularly based in Singapore, where there's groups there
184
that can go out into the field and in those areas we're starting to see enzymes that are developing,
185
evolving, that can eat the plastics themselves.
186
we can actually then bring them back to the laboratory,
187
identify the enzymes, and then engineer them to be faster.
188
Plastic eating enzymes have great potential to reduce waste.
189
Although the technology is still a long way from being used at a global scale.
190
And from overcoming the infrastructure challenges linked to current recycling practices.
191
We need to develop technologies that are scalable,
192
but also are deployable into the areas where plastic pollution exists.
193
And we think that's possible.
194
We think we can actually miniaturise some of the solutions so
195
that local communities can potentially degrade plastics and get chemicals out of those
196
that they can then sell and actually give back to the local economy.
197
Plastic pollution is ultimately the world's problem.
198
And new levels of global cooperation needed to solve it.
199
Although small island states have led calls for action,
200
richer and larger countries will determine whether this happens.
201
We will have a strong global,
202
international and comprehensive framework on plastic pollution.
203
In 2022, a UN resolution was signed by 175 countries Committed to developing a global,
204
legally binding plastics treaty by the end of 2024.
205
This promises to cover production,
206
packaging, design and disposal of plastics.
207
But for now, it's just talk and no walk.
208
Without coming together, we're going to see fragmented approaches.
209
We're going to see a proliferation in this issue that would lead to unsustainable levels of plastic pollution.
210
We're hopeful the Treaty will make a difference,
211
but it has to be strong enough to do so.
212
Thank you.
Tải Ứng Dụng
Có tính năng chấm điểm câu của bạn bằng AI
TRENDING
Phổ biến
Thông Tin Về Bài Học Này
Bài học này tập trung vào chủ đề ô nhiễm nhựa trên biển và thực trạng của các quốc gia nhỏ đang phát triển. Qua cuộc trò chuyện với ngư dân và việc tiếp cận thông tin về tác động của ô nhiễm nhựa, bạn sẽ luyện tập từ vựng liên quan đến môi trường và nâng cao khả năng phát âm tiếng Anh chuẩn. Mục tiêu là giúp bạn cải thiện kỹ năng nói chuyện và phản xạ bằng tiếng Anh qua việc áp dụng kỹ thuật shadow speak.
Từ Vựng & Cụm Từ Quan Trọng
- Plastic pollution: Ô nhiễm nhựa
- Small island developing states (SIDS): Các quốc gia nhỏ đang phát triển
- Coral: San hô
- Environmental challenges: Thách thức môi trường
- Tourism: Ngành du lịch
- Leaked waste: Chất thải kém quản lý
- Ocean currents: Dòng hải lưu
- Economy: Kinh tế
Mẹo Luyện Tập
Khi thực hành luyện nói tiếng Anh, đặc biệt với nội dung trong video này, bạn nên tập trung vào việc shadow speak. Hãy bắt chước ngữ điệu và tốc độ của người nói trong video. Video có tốc độ vừa phải, phù hợp cho việc luyện phát âm tiếng Anh chuẩn. Để đạt hiệu quả cao nhất, hãy định hình câu chữ trong đầu và nhại lại chúng ngay lập tức. Bạn có thể luyện tập từng đoạn ngắn một và sau đó kết hợp chúng lại để hình thành một bài nói mạch lạc.
Sử dụng phần mềm shadowing có thể là một lựa chọn tốt để kiểm soát âm thanh và tần suất nói của bạn. Các ứng dụng này thường có tính năng hỗ trợ điều chỉnh tốc độ và lặp lại nội dung, giúp bạn có thời gian để làm quen với cách phát âm và cấu trúc ngữ pháp.
Cuối cùng, hãy chú ý đến các từ và cụm từ bạn đã học trong phần từ vựng, vì việc lặp lại chúng trong văn cảnh sẽ giúp bạn nhớ lâu hơn và tăng khả năng ứng dụng thực tế.
Phương Pháp Shadowing Là Gì?
Shadowing là kỹ thuật học ngôn ngữ có cơ sở khoa học, ban đầu được phát triển cho chương trình đào tạo phiên dịch viên chuyên nghiệp và được phổ biến rộng rãi bởi nhà đa ngôn ngữ học Dr. Alexander Arguelles. Nguyên lý cốt lõi đơn giản nhưng cực kỳ hiệu quả: bạn nghe tiếng Anh của người bản xứ và lặp lại to ngay lập tức — như một "cái bóng" (shadow) đuổi theo người nói với độ trễ chỉ 1–2 giây. Khác với luyện ngữ pháp hay học từ vựng bị động, Shadowing buộc não bộ và cơ miệng phải đồng thời xử lý và tái tạo ngôn ngữ thực tế. Các nghiên cứu khoa học xác nhận phương pháp này cải thiện đáng kể phát âm, ngữ điệu, nhịp điệu, nối âm, kỹ năng nghe và độ lưu loát khi nói — đặc biệt hiệu quả cho người luyện IELTS Speaking và muốn giao tiếp tiếng Anh tự nhiên như người bản ngữ.