跟读练习: A brief history of toilets - Francis de los Reyes - 通过YouTube学习英语口语
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On sunny days, the Roman citizens of Ostia could be found on a long stone bench near the Forum.
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On sunny days, the Roman citizens of Ostia could be found on a long stone bench near the Forum.
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Friends and neighbors exchanged news and gossip while simultaneously attending to more... urgent business.
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These public latrines could sit up to 20 Romans at a time, draining waste in water conduits below.
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Today, most cultures consider trips to the restroom to be a more private occasion.
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But even when going alone, our shared sewage infrastructure is one of the most pivotal inventions in the history of humanity.
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While many ancient religious texts contain instructions for keeping waste away from drinking water and campsites, waste management took a more familiar shape as early as 3000 BCE.
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Ancient Mesopotamian settlements often had clay structures made for squatting or sitting in the most private room of the house.
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These were connected to pipes which used running water to move waste into street canals and cesspits.
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Water infrastructure like this flourished in the Bronze Age, and in some parts of the Indus Valley, nearly every house had a toilet connected to a citywide sewage system.
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Ancient Cretan palaces even offered a manual flushing option.
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Researchers can’t say for certain what inspired these early sewage systems, but we do know that waste management is essential for public health.
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Untreated sewage is a breeding ground for dangerous microorganisms, including those that cause cholera, dysentery, and typhoid.
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It would be several millennia before scientists fully understood the relationship between sewage and sickness.
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But the noxious odors of sewage have recorded associations with disease as early as 100 BCE.
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And by 100 AD, more complex sanitation solutions were emerging.
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The Roman Empire had continuously flowing aqueducts dedicated to carrying waste outside city walls.
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Chinese dynasties of the same period also had private and public toilets, except their waste was immediately recycled.
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Most household toilets fed into pig sties, and specialized excrement collectors gathered waste from public latrines to sell as fertilizer.
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In China, this tradition of waste management continued for centuries, but in Europe the fall of the Roman Empire brought public sanitation into the Dark Ages.
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Pit latrines called “gongs” became commonplace, and chamber pots were frequently dumped into the street.
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Castles ejected waste from tall windows into communal cesspits.
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At night, so-called gong farmers would load up the waste before traveling beyond city limits to dump their cargo.
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Europe's unsanitary approach persisted for centuries, but toilets themselves underwent some major changes.
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By the late Middle Ages, most wealthy families had commode stools— wooden boxes with seats and lids.
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And in the royal court of England, the commodes were controlled by the Groom of the Stool.
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In addition to monitoring the king’s intestinal health, the Groom’s... intimate relationship with the monarch made him a surprisingly influential figure.
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The next major leap in toilet technology came in 1596, when Sir John Harrington designed the first modern flush toilet for Queen Elizabeth.
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Its use of levers to release water and a valve to drain the bowl still inform modern designs.
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But Harrington’s invention stank of sewage.
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Thankfully, in 1775, Scottish inventor Alexander Cumming added a bend in the drainpipe to retain water and limit odors.
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This so-called S-trap was later improved into the modern U-bend by Thomas Crapper— though the term “crap” predates the inventor by several centuries.
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By the turn of the 19th century, many cities had developed modern sewage infrastructure and wastewater treatment plants, and today, toilets have a wide range of features, from the luxurious to the sustainable.
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But roughly 2 billion people still don’t have their own toilets at home.
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And another 2.2 billion don’t have facilities that properly manage their waste, putting these communities at risk of numerous diseases.
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To solve this problem, we’ll need to invent new sanitation technologies and address the behavioral, financial, and political issues that produce inequity throughout the sanitation pipeline.
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背景与背景信息
在阳光明媚的日子，古罗马的公民们常常聚集在奥斯提亚广场附近的一张长石凳上，一边进行着紧急的生理需求，一边与朋友和邻居们交流新闻和闲聊。这些公共厕所在当时可容纳多达20名罗马人并通过下面的水道排放废物。如今，大多数文化认为上厕所是更私人的事情。尽管一个人上厕所，但我们共享的污水基础设施仍然是人类历史上最关键的发明之一。古代美索不达米亚的定居点早在公元前3000年就已经有了与水管相连的粘土结构，能够有效地进行废物管理。这表明，卫生设施的历史不仅是生活的必要条件，更是公共健康的重要保障。这段历史可以作为我们学习英语时理解文化背景的重要材料。
日常交流的五个关键短语
- “公共厕所” - 让我们了解公共设施对于社交互动的重要性。
- “健康与卫生” - 强调保持环境卫生对于健康的影响。
- “废物管理” - 介绍如何通过合适的技术保护我们的健康。
- “城市基础设施” - 强调基础设施的进步与城市发展的关系。
- “流行病与卫生” - 理解污水处理与公共健康之间的联系。
逐步跟读指导
为了提高您的英语口语练习能力，可以利用以下的跟读方法来应对此视频的难度：
- 选择一个片段：从视频中选取一小段（30秒至1分钟），因为较短的片段更易于集中学习。
- 听前和看字幕：先听一遍并注意关键词，然后查看字幕以理清上下文。
- 分句模仿：将语音内容分为若干小句子，逐句模仿并重复，以提升您的发音和语调。
- 同步发音：播放视频，尽量与发音同步，练习您的连读和重音技巧，增强语流感。
- 反复练习：多次重复上述步骤，利用时间劈开，慢慢提高您的流利度和自信心。
通过这种逐步的跟读方法，您会发现不论是处理复杂的语句，还是在日常对话中，您都能够更自如地交流。运用这些技巧，将大大提升您的英语发音与交际能力，让您在使用英语时更加游刃有余。
什么是跟读法？
跟读法 (Shadowing) 是一种有科学依据的语言学习技巧，最初开发用于专业口译员的培训，并由多语言者Alexander Arguelles博士普及。这个方法简单而强大：您在听英语母语原声的同时立即大声重复——就像是一个延迟1-2秒紧跟说话者的影子。与被动听力或语法练习不同，跟读法强迫您的大脑和口腔肌肉同时处理并模仿真实的讲话模式。研究表明它能显着提高发音准确性，语调，节奏，连读，听力理解和口语流利度——使其成为雅思口语备考和真实英语交流最有效的方法之一。