跟读练习: E.O. Wilson: Advice to young scientists - 通过YouTube学习英语口语
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Reviewer Gopalco
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Reviewer Gopalco
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What I'm going to do is to just give a few notes,
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and this is from a book I'm preparing called Letters to a Young Scientist.
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And I thought it'd be appropriate to present it on the basis
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that I have had extensive experience in teaching counseling sciences across the broad array of fields.
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And you might like to hear some of the principles that I've developed in doing that teaching and counseling.
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So let me begin by urging you,
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particularly you on the youngster side,
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on this path you've chosen to go as far as you can.
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The world needs you badly.
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Humanity is now fully into the techno-scientific age.
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There's going to be no turning back.
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Although varying among disciplines, say astrophysics,
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molecular genetics, to immunology, to microbiology,
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to public health, to the new area of the human body of the symbiont,
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to public health, environmental science,
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Knowledge in medical science and science overall is doubling every 15 to 20 years.
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Technology is increasing at a comparable rate.
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Between them, the two already pervade,
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as most of you here seated realize,
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every dimension of human life.
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So swift is the velocity of the techno-scientific revolution,
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so startling in its countless twists and turns that no one can predict its outcome,
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even a decade from the present moment.
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There'll come a time, of course,
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when the exponential growth of discovery and knowledge,
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which actually began in the 1600s,
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has to peak and level off,
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but that's not going to matter to you.
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The revolution is going to continue for at least several more decades.
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It'll render the human condition radically different from what it is today.
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Traditional fields of study are going to continue to grow and in so doing,
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inevitably they will meet and create new disciplines.
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In time, all of science will come to be a continuum of description and explanation of networks of principles and laws.
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That's why you need not just be training in one specialty,
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but also acquire breadth in other fields related to and even distant from your own initial choice.
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Keep your your eyes lifted and your head turning.
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The thirst for knowledge is in our genes.
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It was put there by our distant ancestors who spread across the world and it's never going to be quenched.
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To understand
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and use it sanely as a part of the civilization yet
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to evolve requires a vastly larger population of scientifically trained people like you In education,
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medicine, law, diplomacy, government, business,
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and the media that exists today,
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our political leaders need at least a modest degree of scientific literacy,
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which most badly lack today.
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No applause, please.
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It will be better for all if they prepared before entering office rather than learning on the job.
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Therefore, you will do well to act on the side,
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no matter how far into the laboratory you may go to serve as teachers during the span of your career.
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I'll now proceed quickly and before else to a subject
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that is both a vital asset and a potential barrier to a scientific career.
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If you are a bit short in mathematical skills, don't worry.
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Many of the most successful scientists at work today are mathematically semi-literate.
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A metaphor will serve here,
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where elite mathematicians and statisticians and theorists often serve as architects in the expanding realm of science.
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The remaining large majority of basic applied scientists,
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including a large portion of those who could be said to be of the first rank,
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are the ones who map the terrain,
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they scout the frontiers, they cut the pathways,
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they raised the buildings along the way.
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Some may have considered me foolhardy,
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but it's been my habit to brush aside the fear of mathematics when talking to candidate scientists.
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During 41 years of teaching biology at Harvard,
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I watched sadly as bright students turned away from the possibility of a scientific career
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or even from taking non-required courses in in science because they were afraid of failure.
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These math phobes deprived science and medicine of immeasurable amounts of badly needed talent.
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Here's how to relax your anxieties if you have them.
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Understand that mathematics is a language ruled like other verbal languages,
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unlike verbal languages generally, by its own grammar and system of logic.
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Any person with average quantitative intelligence who learns to read and write mathematics at an elementary level will,
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as in verbal languages, have little difficulty picking up most of the fundamentals
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if they choose to master the math speak of most disciplines of science.
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The longer you wait to become at least semi-literate,
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the harder language of mathematics will be to master,
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just as again in any verbal language,
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but it can be done as in any age,
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I speak as an authority on that subject because I'm an extreme case.
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I didn't take algebra until my freshman year at the University of Alabama.
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They didn't teach it before then.
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I finally got around to calculus as a 32-year-old tenured professor
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at Harvard where I sat uncomfortably in classes with undergraduate students little more than half my age.
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A couple of them were students in a course I was giving on evolutionary biology.
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I swallowed my pride and I learned calculus.
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I found out that in science and all its applications,
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what is crucial is not that technical ability,
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but it is imagination and all of its applications.
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The ability to form concepts with images of entities and processes pictured by intuition.
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I found out that advances in science rarely come upstream.
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From an ability to stand on a blackboard and conjure images from unfolding mathematical proposition and equations,
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they are instead the products of downstream imagination leading to hard work during
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which mathematical reasoning may or may not prove to be relevant.
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Ideas emerge when a part of the real or imagined world is studied for its own sake.
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The foremost important is a thorough,
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well-organized knowledge
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of all that is known of the relevant entities and processes that might be involved in that domain you propose to enter.
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When something new is discovered as logical,
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then one of the follow-up steps is to find the mathematical and statistical methods to move its analysis forward.
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If that step proves too difficult,
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The person or team that made the discovery,
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a mathematician can then be added by them as a collaborator.
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Consider the following principle, which I will modestly call Wilson's principle number one.
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It is far easier for scientists,
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including medical researchers, to acquire needed collaboration in mathematics
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and statistics than it is for mathematicians and statisticians to find scientists able to make use of their equations.
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It's important in choosing the direction you take in science is to find the subject of your level,
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at your level of competence that interests you deeply and focus on that.
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Keep in mind then, Wilson's second principle.
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For every scientist, whether researcher,
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technician, teacher, manager, or businessman,
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working at any level of mathematical competence,
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there exists a discipline in science or medicine for which that level is enough to achieve excellence.
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Now, I'm going to offer,
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quickly, several more principles that will be useful in organizing your education,
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a career or if you're teaching,
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to how you might enhance your own teaching and counseling of young scientists.
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In selecting a subject in which to conduct original research or to develop world-class expertise,
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take a part of the chosen discipline that is sparsely inhabited.
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Judge opportunity by how few other students and researchers are on hand.
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This is not to de-emphasize the essential requirement of broad training or the value of apprenticing yourself
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in ongoing research to programs of high quality.
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It is important also to acquire older mentors within these successful programs
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and to make friends and colleagues of your age for mutual support.
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But through it all, look for a way to break out,
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to find the field and subject not yet popular.
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We have seen this demonstrated already in the talks preceding mine.
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There is the quickest way advances are likely to occur as measured in discoveries per investigator per year.
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You may have heard the military dictum for the gathering of armies.
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March to the sound of the guns.
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In science, the exact opposite is the case.
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March away from the sound of the guns.
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So, Wilson's principle number three,
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march away from the sound of the gun,
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observe from a distance, but do not join the fray.
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Make a fray of your own.
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Once you have settled on a specialty and a profession you can love,
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and you've secured opportunity, your potential to succeed will be greatly enhanced if you study it enough to become an expert.
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There are thousands of professionally delimited subjects sprinkled through physics and chemistry to biology and medicine,
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and on then into the social sciences where it is possible in short time to acquire the status of an authority.
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When the subject is still very thinly populated,
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you can with diligence and hard work become the world authority.
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The world needs this kind of expertise,
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and it rewards the kind of people willing to acquire it.
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The existing information and what you self-discover may at first seem skimpy and difficult to connect to other bodies of knowledge.
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Well, if that's the case, good.
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Why hard instead of easy?
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The answer deserves to be stated as principle number four.
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In the attempt to make scientific discoveries,
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every problem is an opportunity,
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and the more difficult the problem,
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the greater will be the importance of its solution.
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Now this brings me to a basic categorization in the way scientific discoveries are made.
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Scientists, pure mathematicians among them,
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follow one or the other of two pathways.
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First, through early discoveries, a problem is identified,
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and a solution is sought.
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The problem may be relatively small,
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for example, Where exactly in a cruise ship does the norovirus begin to spread?
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Or larger, what's the role of dark matter in the expansion of the universe?
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As the answer is sought,
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other phenomena are typically discovered and other questions are asked.
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This first of the two strategies is like a hunter exploring a forest in search of a particular quarry,
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who finds other quarries along the way.
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The second strategy of research is to study a subject broadly,
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searching for unknown phenomena or patterns of known phenomena,
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like a hunter in what we call the naturalist trance.
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The researcher mind is open to anything interesting, any quarry worth taking.
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The search is not for the solution of the problem,
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but for problems themselves worth solving.
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The two strategies of research,
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original research, can be stated as follows in the final principle I'm going to offer you.
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For every problem in a given discipline of science,
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there exists a species or entity or phenomenon ideal for its solution.
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And conversely, for every species or other entity or phenomenon,
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there exist important problems for the solution of which those particular objects of research are ideally suited.
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Find out what they are.
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You'll find your own way to discover, to learn, to teach.
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The decades ahead will see dramatic advances in disease,
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prevention, general health, the quality of life.
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All of humanity depends on the knowledge and practice of the medicine and the science behind it you will master.
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You have chosen a calling that will come in steps to give you satisfaction at its conclusion of a life well lived,
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and I thank you for having me here tonight.
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Oh, thank you.
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Thank you very much.
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I see you too.
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you
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为什么要通过这个视频练习口语？
在这个以英语影子跟读为基础的视频中，E.O. 威尔逊分享了他对年轻科学家的建议，强调科学在现代社会中的重要性。这段讲话不仅提供了丰富的内容，还能帮助学习者练习他们的英语口语技能。在观看并模仿他的话语时，学习者能够感受到科学话题的魅力，同时提高自己在相关领域的表达能力。通过看YouTube学英语，学习者能够获得真实的语言环境，可以紧跟科学发展的速度，增强他们的语言反应能力和自信心。
语法与表达在上下文中的应用
- 时态使用：威尔逊提到“人类正全力进入科技科学时代”，使用了一般现在时来描述一个普遍真理。这帮助学习者理解如何使用时态来表达正在进行的状态。
- 复合句：他提到“将来某天，发现和知识的指数增长将达到顶峰。”这一复合句的结构为学习者提供了有关如何连接思想和概念的重要示例。
- 强调句型：例如，“知识在每15到20年翻倍”，这样的话语强调了科学领域变化的速度，是学习者掌握强调句型的好例子。
这些结构的掌握可以增强学习者在不同情境下的表达能力，从而推动他们进行更有效的shadow speech练习。
常见发音陷阱
在视频中，威尔逊提到了一些可能对学习者造成发音困难的词汇与短语。例如，“科技科学时代”（techno-scientific age）中的"scientific"常常被错读。学习者可通过重复模仿shadow speak，纠正这些错误发音。此外，词组“独特的挑战”（unique challenges）中的重音也应特别注意，确保能流利地表达。透过英语影子跟读和反复练习，这些棘手的发音问题能够有效改善。
什么是跟读法？
跟读法 (Shadowing) 是一种有科学依据的语言学习技巧，最初开发用于专业口译员的培训，并由多语言者Alexander Arguelles博士普及。这个方法简单而强大：您在听英语母语原声的同时立即大声重复——就像是一个延迟1-2秒紧跟说话者的影子。与被动听力或语法练习不同，跟读法强迫您的大脑和口腔肌肉同时处理并模仿真实的讲话模式。研究表明它能显着提高发音准确性，语调，节奏，连读，听力理解和口语流利度——使其成为雅思口语备考和真实英语交流最有效的方法之一。