跟读练习: How computer memory works - Kanawat Senanan - 通过YouTube学习英语口语
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In many ways, our memories make us who we are, helping us remember our past, learn and retain skills, and plan for the future.
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In many ways, our memories make us who we are, helping us remember our past, learn and retain skills, and plan for the future.
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And for the computers that often act as extensions of ourselves, memory plays much the same role, whether it's a two-hour movie, a two-word text file, or the instructions for opening either, everything in a computer's memory takes the form of basic units called bits, or binary digits.
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Each of these is stored in a memory cell that can switch between two states for two possible values, 0 and 1.
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Files and programs consist of millions of these bits, all processed in the central processing unit, or CPU, that acts as the computer's brain.
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And as the number of bits needing to be processed grows exponentially, computer designers face a constant struggle between size, cost, and speed.
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Like us, computers have short-term memory for immediate tasks, and long-term memory for more permanent storage.
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When you run a program, your operating system allocates area within the short-term memory for performing those instructions.
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For example, when you press a key in a word processor, the CPU will access one of these locations to retrieve bits of data.
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It could also modify them, or create new ones.
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The time this takes is known as the memory's latency.
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And because program instructions must be processed quickly and continuously, all locations within the short-term memory can be accessed in any order, hence the name random access memory.
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The most common type of RAM is dynamic RAM, or DRAM.
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There, each memory cell consists of a tiny transistor and a capacitor that store electrical charges, a 0 when there's no charge, or a 1 when charged.
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Such memory is called dynamic because it only holds charges briefly before they leak away, requiring periodic recharging to retain data.
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But even its low latency of 100 nanoseconds is too long for modern CPUs, so there's also a small, high-speed internal memory cache made from static RAM.
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That's usually made up of six interlocked transistors which don't need refreshing.
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SRAM is the fastest memory in a computer system, but also the most expensive, and takes up three times more space than DRAM.
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But RAM and cache can only hold data as long as they're powered.
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For data to remain once the device is turned off, it must be transferred into a long-term storage device, which comes in three major types.
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In magnetic storage, which is the cheapest, data is stored as a magnetic pattern on a spinning disc coated with magnetic film.
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But because the disc must rotate to where the data is located in order to be read, the latency for such drives is 100,000 times slower than that of DRAM.
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On the other hand, optical-based storage like DVD and Blu-ray also uses spinning discs, but with a reflective coating.
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Bits are encoded as light and dark spots using a dye that can be read by a laser.
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While optical storage media are cheap and removable, they have even slower latencies than magnetic storage and lower capacity as well.
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Finally, the newest and fastest types of long-term storage are solid-state drives, like flash sticks.
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These have no moving parts, instead using floating gate transistors that store bits by trapping or removing electrical charges within their specially designed internal structures.
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So how reliable are these billions of bits?
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We tend to think of computer memory as stable and permanent, but it actually degrades fairly quickly.
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The heat generated from a device and its environment will eventually demagnetize hard drives, degrade the dye in optical media, and cause charge leakage in floating gates.
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Solid-state drives also have an additional weakness.
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Repeatedly writing to floating gate transistors corrodes them, eventually rendering them useless.
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With data on most current storage media having less than a ten-year life expectancy, scientists are working to exploit the physical properties of materials down to the quantum level in the hopes of making memory devices faster, smaller, and more durable.
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For now, immortality remains out of reach, for humans and computers alike.
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为什么要通过这个视频练习口语？
观看“如何计算机内存工作”的视频不仅可以帮助您了解计算机的基本知识，还可以提高您的英语口语能力。在这个视频中，您将听到关于计算机内存运作的各种信息，运用这些内容能提升您的 看YouTube学英语 的体验。通过练习聆听并模仿视频中的语音，您可以增强发音、流利度以及对语调的敏感度。口语练习不仅改善您的语言能力，还能建立自信，因为 shadowing 技术能帮助您自然地掌握语音节奏，使您在与他人交流时更加自如。
语法与表达的语境分析
- 名词短语的使用： 在视频中，像“central processing unit”和“short-term memory”这样的名词短语经常被用来描述计算机的组成部分，学习这些使用能帮助您加深理解计算机相关的英语词汇。
- 对比结构： 讲者提到“RAM”和“长久储存”的对比，不同类型内存的功能与特性展现了比较句的实际用法，能够帮助您掌握如何表达不同事物之间的关系。
- 动词的时态： 视频中多次使用现在时和过去时的结合，如“computers act as extensions of ourselves”，注意这些时态的变化，有助于您在表达过去与现在的事件时更加准确。
常见的发音陷阱
在观看视频时，您可能会遇到一些发音挑战，特别是计算机术语的发音，例如“CPU”和“DRAM”等。这些词汇上口时容易混淆，因此在模仿时请特别留意。此外，讲者的口音也可能有所不同，在模仿时，您可以尝试调整自己的发音方式，以适应不同的口音特征。
此外， shadow speech 的练习也将帮助您熟悉不同说话者的语调和节奏，通过经常性地 shadow speak，您能够逐渐提高理解能力，让您的口语变得更加流利自然。为更好的效果，您可以使用一些 shadowing site，专注于提高特定发音技巧，以确保您在英语口语的旅程中提升更加显著。
什么是跟读法？
跟读法 (Shadowing) 是一种有科学依据的语言学习技巧，最初开发用于专业口译员的培训，并由多语言者Alexander Arguelles博士普及。这个方法简单而强大：您在听英语母语原声的同时立即大声重复——就像是一个延迟1-2秒紧跟说话者的影子。与被动听力或语法练习不同，跟读法强迫您的大脑和口腔肌肉同时处理并模仿真实的讲话模式。研究表明它能显着提高发音准确性，语调，节奏，连读，听力理解和口语流利度——使其成为雅思口语备考和真实英语交流最有效的方法之一。