跟读练习: How does alcohol make you drunk? - Judy Grisel - 通过YouTube学习英语口语
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Ethanol.
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Ethanol.
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This molecule, made of little more than a few carbon atoms,
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is responsible for drunkenness.
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Often simply referred to as alcohol,
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ethanol is the active ingredient in alcoholic beverages.
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Its simplicity helps it sneak across membranes and nestle into many different nooks,
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producing a wide range of effects compared to other, clunkier molecules.
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So how exactly does it cause drunkenness?
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And why does it have dramatically different effects on different people?
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To answer these questions, we'll need to follow alcohol on its journey through the body.
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Alcohol lands in the stomach and is absorbed into the blood through the digestive tract,
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especially the small intestine.
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The contents of the stomach impact alcohol's ability to get into the blood,
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because after eating, the pyloric sphincter,
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which separates the stomach from the small intestine, closes.
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So the level of alcohol
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that reaches the blood after a big meal might only be a quarter that from the same drink on an empty stomach.
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From the blood, alcohol goes to the organs,
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especially those that get the most blood flow,
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the liver and the brain.
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It hits the liver first,
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and enzymes in the liver break down the alcohol molecule in two steps.
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First, an enzyme called ADH turns alcohol into acetaldehyde, which is toxic.
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Then, an enzyme called ALDH converts the toxic acetaldehyde to non-toxic acetate.
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As the blood circulates, the liver eliminates alcohol continuously.
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But this first path of elimination determines how much alcohol reaches the brain and other organs.
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Brain sensitivity is responsible for the emotional,
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cognitive and behavioral effects of alcohol, otherwise known as drunkenness.
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Alcohol turns up the brain's primary brake,
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the neurotransmitter GABA, and turns down its primary gas, the neurotransmitter glutamate.
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This makes neurons much less communicative,
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and users feel relaxed at moderate doses,
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fall asleep at higher doses,
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and can impede the brain activity necessary for survival at toxic doses.
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Alcohol also stimulates a small group of neurons that extends from the midbrain to the nucleus accumbens,
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a region important for motivation.
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Like all addictive drugs, it prompts a squirt of dopamine in the nucleus accumbens,
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which gives users a surge of pleasure.
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Alcohol also causes some neurons to synthesize and release endorphins.
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Endorphins help us to calm down in response to stress or danger.
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Elevated levels of endorphins contribute to the euphoria and relaxation...
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...associated with alcohol consumption.
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Finally, as the liver's breakdown of alcohol outpaces the brain's absorption...
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...drunkenness fades away.
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Individual differences at any point in this journey...
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...can cause people to act more or less drunk.
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For example, a man and a woman who weigh the same and drink the same amount during an identical meal
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will still have different blood alcohol concentrations, or BACs.
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This is because women tend to have less blood.
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Women generally have a higher percentage of fat,
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which requires less blood than muscle.
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A smaller blood volume carrying the same amount of alcohol means the concentration will be higher for women.
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Genetic differences in the liver's alcohol-processing enzymes also influence BAC,
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and regular drinking can increase production of these enzymes, contributing to tolerance.
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On the other hand, those who drink excessively for a long time may develop liver damage,
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which has the opposite effect.
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Meanwhile, genetic differences in dopamine,
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GABA, and endorphin transmission may contribute to risk for developing an alcohol use disorder.
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Those with naturally low endorphin or dopamine levels may self-medicate through drinking.
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Some people have a higher risk for excessive drinking due to a sensitive endorphin response that increases the pleasurable effects of alcohol.
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Others have a variation in GABA transmission that makes them especially sensitive to the sedative effects of alcohol,
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which decreases their risk of developing disordered drinking.
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Meanwhile, the brain adapts to chronic alcohol consumption by reducing GABA,
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dopamine and endorphin transmission transmission and enhancing glutamate activity.
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This means regular drinkers tend to be anxious,
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have trouble sleeping and experience less pleasure.
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These structural and functional changes can lead to disordered use when drinking feels normal but not drinking is uncomfortable,
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establishing a vicious cycle.
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So both genetics and previous experience impact how a person experiences alcohol,
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which means that some people are more prone to certain patterns of drinking than others,
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and a history of consumption leads to neural and behavioral changes.
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Similar to alcohol, how someone experiences marijuana depends on a number of factors,
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including, for example, genetics.
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Find out more about the effects and risks of marijuana use with this video.
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背景與脈絡
在這段影片中，講者Judy Grisel深入探討了酒精如何使人醉酒的科學原理。她解釋了乙醇這個化合物如何穿透人體，影響我們的身體和大腦。影片中的討論不僅有助於了解酒精的作用機制，也能促進英語學習者在日常交流中更有信心地使用與此主題相關的詞匯和短語。這對於希望提高英語發音的學習者來說，提供了良好的機會來練習「shadowspeak」和「shadow speech」技巧。
日常交流的五大短語
- 「喝酒真的很有趣。」 - 用於表達喝酒的社交樂趣。
- 「我對酒精的反應有點不同。」 - 描述自己對酒精的耐受性。
- 「你有沒有感到暈眩？」 - 問對方是否感到醉酒的症狀。
- 「這裡的酒很好喝。」 - 讚美某個地方的酒品。
- 「我需要一些水。」 - 表達在喝酒後需要水的需求。
逐步模仿指導
要有效地掌握酒精與醉酒相關的英文對話，學習者可以參考以下逐步模仿指導：
- 聆聽與理解：首先，仔細聽取影片內容，了解酒精對身體的影響和講者的口音。
- 停下來重複：在聽的過程中，隨時暫停影片並重複講者的句子，注意發音和語調。
- 模仿語調：記下講者的語調和強調部分，特別是在描述酒精影響時。
- 練習口語：用短語與他人進行模擬對話，透過「shadowing」技巧提高流暢度和發音準確性。
- 自我檢查：錄下自己的聲音，和講者的語音進行比較，找出差距並不斷改進。
透過這些步驟，學習者可以有效地提升自己的英語口說能力，並在日常交流中自信地討論有關酒精的話題，從而提高英語發音。運用shadowspeak和shadow speech技巧，讓你在語言學習的旅程中更上一層樓。
什么是跟读法？
跟读法 (Shadowing) 是一种有科学依据的语言学习技巧，最初开发用于专业口译员的培训，并由多语言者Alexander Arguelles博士普及。这个方法简单而强大：您在听英语母语原声的同时立即大声重复——就像是一个延迟1-2秒紧跟说话者的影子。与被动听力或语法练习不同，跟读法强迫您的大脑和口腔肌肉同时处理并模仿真实的讲话模式。研究表明它能显着提高发音准确性，语调，节奏，连读，听力理解和口语流利度——使其成为雅思口语备考和真实英语交流最有效的方法之一。