跟读练习: How one of the world’s richest companies rose to power - Shantel George - 通过YouTube学习英语口语
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In 1910, the Antarctic Nimrod expedition was in trouble.
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In 1910, the Antarctic Nimrod expedition was in trouble.
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Led by Ernest Shackleton, the team had set the record for the southernmost point ever reached.
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But after miscalculating how long it would take to return to the nearest supply depot,
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the crew had run out of food.
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Fatigued and desperate, they turned to their medical kit.
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It contained a drug called forced march tablets,
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which promised to mitigate hunger and prolong endurance,
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thanks to the powerful combination of its two ingredients,
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cocaine and the extract of the African cola nut.
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After taking the pills, the team was able to push through and reach safety.
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So how did the cola nut,
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a sacred ingredient from West Africa,
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end up in Shackleton's emergency kit?
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And how did this same combination of kola nut
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and cocaine make its way into the original recipe of a drink that billions of people consume every day?
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The kola nut is the seed of the kola tree,
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a small evergreen native to the tropical forests of West Africa,
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where it's long been integral to the cultural fabric of many communities.
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Among the Igbo, the bitter nut is known as the food of the gods.
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In Igbo homes, it's custom to greet and honor guests by breaking a seed and sharing the lobes.
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Within Yoruba communities, Kola plays a central role in many religious ceremonies,
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such as weddings, funerals, and divination.
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Cola nuts can contain up to 2.5% caffeine,
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or about twice the concentration found in coffee beans,
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along with trace amounts of theobromine, a structurally similar compound.
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Both molecules stimulate the central nervous system,
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causing effects like alertness and increased blood flow to the muscles and lungs.
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And it's these properties that likely led to cola's long-standing use in traditional West African medicine.
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But there's also a bitter side to the kola nut's history.
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As early as the 10th century,
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it was used by various groups in West Africa as currency to purchase captives across the Sahara.
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And in the 16th century,
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Portuguese and Afro-Portuguese traders in the region similarly exchanged the seeds for people whom they then sold into transatlantic slavery.
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By the 17th century, the cola nut had made its way to the Americas.
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Brazilian oral narratives tell of enslaved peoples smuggling the seeds across the Atlantic in their clothing and hair.
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Enslavers who learned of the nut's energizing properties often weaponized it,
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supplying it to subjugated workers to induce more backbreaking labor.
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However, in places like Jamaica,
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Cuba, and Brazil, many enslaved communities managed to cultivate cola on their own,
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allowing them to preserve and continue practicing their cultural and religious traditions.
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In the late 19th century,
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the cola nut gained the attention of pharmacists in Europe and North America.
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Many claimed, without much evidence,
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that the nut contained countless medicinal and even mind-altering properties.
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Soon, cola-containing tonics, chocolates, and lozenges lined pharmacy shelves.
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It was combined with extracts from the coca leaf,
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the source of cocaine, to create Shackleton's forced-march tablets,
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which were also supplied to British soldiers during World War I.
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In 1886, Atlanta pharmacist John Pemberton used this same potent combo to create the original recipe for Coca-Cola,
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which he claimed could treat ailments like headaches, indigestion, and impotence.
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By the 1920s, African export of the cola nut slowed,
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thanks in part to the introduction of another energizing seed from the region, the cocoa bean.
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Around this time, the Coca-Cola company is also said to have significantly reduced the cola nut in its recipe.
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No one knows for sure.
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The exact ingredients remain a closely guarded trade secret.
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However, we do know that the company removed all traces of cocaine by 1903.
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Today, the kola nut can still be found in various drinks and supplements,
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like busy tea, a staple in many Jamaican homes.
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Believed to have been first brought to the region on slave ships in the 17th century,
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this tea is just one example of how the kola nut,
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despite its bitter past, continues to serve as a powerful symbol of cultural preservation and remembrance.
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背景與歷史
在1910年，南極的尼姆羅德探險隊在努力奮鬥，這支由厄內斯特·沙克爾頓領導的隊伍創下了南緯最南點的紀錄。然而，由於錯誤地計算了回到最近供應基地的時間，隊伍遭遇了食物匱乏的困境。疲憊和絕望之下，他們轉向了醫療包中的一種名為“強迫行軍藥片”的藥物。這種藥物以可卡因和非洲可樂果提取物的強大組合而聞名，可以減輕飢餓感，並延長耐力。隊伍在服用了這些藥片後能夠克服困難，安全抵達。可樂果，作為西非的神聖成分，如何會出現在沙克爾頓的應急包中？同時，這一組合又是如何進入全球數十億人每日消費的飲料原始配方中的呢？
日常交流中常用的五個短語
- “強迫行軍藥片” - 這是指特定的藥物，在艱難的時刻發揮作用。
- “神聖成分” - 在某些文化中，特定成分被視為重要的精神象徵。
- “文化傳統” - 在家庭和社區中，藉由儀式來慶祝和尊重。
- “能量特性” - 指某些物質能夠提升精力和耐力的能力。
- “藥用價值” - 這是對特定成分在醫療上用途的探討。
逐步影子跟讀指南
如果你希望提高英语发音和口语表达，以下是一些影子跟读的步驟，可以幫助你有效學習本視頻中的內容：
- 選擇視頻的片段，重複收聽幾次，熟悉語言的節奏和語音的高低起伏。
- 關注細節，特別是短語的發音，如“強迫行軍藥片”和“神聖成分”。這些關鍵詞可以作為雅思口语练习的有效素材。
- 嘗試模仿每個句子的發音和情感，這樣會讓你的表達更加自然。
- 分段影子跟讀，先從短句開始，逐步增加句子的長度和複雜度，這樣可以幫助你掌握更高難度的內容。
- 最後，錄下自己的聲音，與原視頻進行對比，找出需要改進的地方，提高你的發音準確性。
對於學習者而言，影子跟讀（shadowspeaks）是一種強效的學習工具，可以幫助他們在語言課程中提高流利度和自信心。
什么是跟读法？
跟读法 (Shadowing) 是一种有科学依据的语言学习技巧，最初开发用于专业口译员的培训，并由多语言者Alexander Arguelles博士普及。这个方法简单而强大：您在听英语母语原声的同时立即大声重复——就像是一个延迟1-2秒紧跟说话者的影子。与被动听力或语法练习不同，跟读法强迫您的大脑和口腔肌肉同时处理并模仿真实的讲话模式。研究表明它能显着提高发音准确性，语调，节奏，连读，听力理解和口语流利度——使其成为雅思口语备考和真实英语交流最有效的方法之一。