跟读练习: How we conquered the deadly smallpox virus - Simona Zompi - 通过YouTube学习英语口语
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10,000 years ago, a deadly virus arose in northeastern Africa.
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10,000 years ago, a deadly virus arose in northeastern Africa.
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The virus spread through the air, attacking the skin cells, bone marrow, spleen, and lymph nodes of its victims.
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The unlucky infected developed fevers, vomiting, and rashes.
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30% of infected people died during the second week of infection.
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Survivors bore scars and scabs for the rest of their lives.
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Smallpox had arrived.
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In 1350 B.C., the first smallpox epidemics hit during the Egypt-Hittite war.
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Egyptian prisoners spread smallpox to the Hittites, which killed their king and devastated his civilization.
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Insidiously, smallpox made its way around the world via Egyptian merchants, then through the Arab world with the Crusades, and all the way to the Americas with the Spanish and Portuguese conquests.
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Since then, it has killed billions of people with an estimated 300 to 500 million people killed in the 20th century alone.
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But smallpox is not unbeatable.
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In fact, the fall of smallpox started long before modern medicine.
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It began all the way back in 1022 A.D.
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According to a small book, called "The Correct Treatment of Small Pox," a Buddhist nun living in a famous mountain named O Mei Shan in the southern providence of Sichuan would grind up smallpox scabs and blow the powder into nostrils of healthy people.
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She did this after noticing that those who managed to survive smallpox never got it again, and her odd treatment worked.
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The procedure, called variolation, slowly evolved and by the 1700's, doctors were taking material from sores and putting them into healthy people through four or five scratches on the arm.
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This worked pretty well as inoculated people would not get reinfected, but it wasn't foolproof.
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Up to three percent of people would still die after being exposed to the puss.
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It wasn't until English physician Edward Jenner noticed something interesting about dairy maids that we got our modern solution.
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At age 13, while Jenner was apprentice to a country surgeon and apothecary in Sodbury, near Bristol, he heard a dairy maid say, "I shall never have smallpox, for I have had cowpox.
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I shall never have an ugly, pockmarked face." Cowpox is a skin disease that resembles smallpox and infects cows.
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Later on, as a physician, he realized that she was right, women who got cowpox didn't develop the deadly smallpox.
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Smallpox and cowpox viruses are from the same family.
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But when a virus infects an unfamiliar host, in this case cowpox infecting a human, it is less virulent, so Jenner decided to test whether the cowpox virus could be used to protect against smallpox.
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In May 1796, Jenner found a young dairy maid, Sarah Nelmes, who had fresh cowpox lesions on her hand and arm caught from the utters of a cow named Blossom.
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Using matter from her pustules, he inoculated James Phipps, the eight-year-old son of his gardener.
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After a few days of fever and discomfort, the boy seemed to recover.
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Two months later, Jenner inoculated the boy again, this time with matter from a fresh smallpox lesion.
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No disease developed, and Jenner concluded that protection was complete.
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His plan had worked.
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Jenner later used the cowpox virus in several other people and challenged them repeatedly with smallpox, proving that they were immune to the disease.
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With this procedure, Jenner invented the smallpox vaccination.
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Unlike variolation, which used actual smallpox virus to try to protect people, vaccination used the far less dangerous cowpox virus.
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The medical establishment, cautious then as now, deliberated at length over his findings before accepting them.
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But eventually vaccination was gradually accepted and variolation became prohibited in England in 1840.
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After large vaccination campaigns throughout the 19th and 20th centuries, the World Health Organization certified smallpox's eradication in 1979.
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Jenner is forever remembered as the father of immunology, but let's not forget the Buddhist nun, dairy maid Sarah Nelmes, and James Phipps, all heroes in this great adventure of vaccination who helped eradicate smallpox.
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背景与背景
在这段视频中，演讲者Simona Zompi介绍了天花病毒的历史及其影响。天花是一种致命的病毒，造成了无数的死亡和痛苦。通过回顾从古埃及战争到现代免疫接种的发展，Zompi揭示了人类如何通过科学的进步克服这一病毒。这一历史不仅展示了医学的演变，同时也突显了在人类历史上小人物的伟大贡献，如佛教修女和乳品女工，他们的发现为疫苗的诞生奠定了基础。这些故事为学习英语的学生提供了丰富的背景知识，也为他们的英语口语练习开辟了新的视野。
日常交流的五个短语
- 绝对不能小看任何病毒。 (Do not underestimate any virus.)
- 这是一项伟大的医学成就。 (This is a great medical achievement.)
- 我们正在战斗的不是一个简单的问题。 (What we are fighting is not a simple issue.)
- 疫苗的发明改变了历史。 (The invention of the vaccine changed history.)
- 每一个贡献都值得被记住。 (Every contribution deserves to be remembered.)
逐步跟读指南
为了提高你的英语口语能力和听力，以下是针对本视频的逐步跟读（英语影子跟读）指南：
- 第一步：初步观看 - 首先看一遍视频，尝试理解大意，关注演讲者的语气和发音。
- 第二步：逐段听 - 将视频分为几部分，逐段收听。在每一段结束后暂停，复述刚才听到的内容。
- 第三步：模仿发音 - 重复演讲者的每一个句子，注意语调和重音。这将帮助你改善发音和流利度。
- 第四步：结合文本 - 找到视频的文本或字幕，跟随文字进行影子跟读。这能帮助你更好地理解单词和句子的结构。
- 第五步：日常练习 - 每天练习，逐步提高自己的口语能力。可以选择“看YouTube学英语”作为一个有趣的学习方式，增加学习的乐趣和多样性。
通过这样的逐步跟读，你将能够不断提升自己的英语口语能力，使你在与他人交流时更加自信，从而助力你的英语学习之旅。记住，实践是提升的关键！
什么是跟读法？
跟读法 (Shadowing) 是一种有科学依据的语言学习技巧，最初开发用于专业口译员的培训，并由多语言者Alexander Arguelles博士普及。这个方法简单而强大：您在听英语母语原声的同时立即大声重复——就像是一个延迟1-2秒紧跟说话者的影子。与被动听力或语法练习不同，跟读法强迫您的大脑和口腔肌肉同时处理并模仿真实的讲话模式。研究表明它能显着提高发音准确性，语调，节奏，连读，听力理解和口语流利度——使其成为雅思口语备考和真实英语交流最有效的方法之一。