跟读练习: Should we get rid of standardized testing? - Arlo Kempf - 通过YouTube学习英语口语
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The first standardized tests that we know of were administered in China over 2,000 years ago during the Han dynasty.
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The first standardized tests that we know of were administered in China over 2,000 years ago during the Han dynasty.
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Chinese officials used them to determine aptitude for various government posts.
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The subject matter included philosophy, farming, and even military tactics.
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Standardized tests continued to be used around the world for the next two millennia, and today, they're used for everything from evaluating stair climbs for firefighters in France to language examinations for diplomats in Canada to students in schools.
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Some standardized tests measure scores only in relation to the results of other test takers.
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Others measure performances on how well test takers meet predetermined criteria.
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So the stair climb for the firefighter could be measured by comparing the time of the climb to that of all other firefighters.
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This might be expressed in what many call a bell curve.
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Or it could be evaluated with reference to set criteria, such as carrying a certain amount of weight a certain distance up a certain number of stairs.
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Similarly, the diplomat might be measured against other test-taking diplomats, or against a set of fixed criteria, which demonstrate different levels of language proficiency.
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And all of these results can be expressed using something called a percentile.
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If a diplomat is in the 70th percentile, 70% of test takers scored below her.
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If she scored in the 30th percentile, 70% of test takers scored above her.
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Although standardized tests are sometimes controversial, they're simply a tool.
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As a thought experiment, think of a standardized test as a ruler.
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A ruler's usefulness depends on two things.
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First, the job we ask it to do.
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Our ruler can't measure the temperature outside or how loud someone is singing.
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Second, the ruler's usefulness depends on its design.
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Say you need to measure the circumference of an orange.
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Our ruler measures length, which is the right quantity, but it hasn't been designed with the flexibility required for the task at hand.
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So, if standardized tests are given the wrong job, or aren't designed properly, they may end up measuring the wrong things.
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In the case of schools, students with test anxiety may have trouble performing their best on a standardized test, not because they don't know the answers, but because they're feeling too nervous to share what they've learned.
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Students with reading challenges may struggle with the wording of a math problem, so their test results may better reflect their literacy rather than numeracy skills.
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And students who were confused by examples on tests that contain unfamiliar cultural references may do poorly, telling us more about the test taker's cultural familiarity than their academic learning.
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In these cases, the tests may need to be designed differently.
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Standardized tests can also have a hard time measuring abstract characteristics or skills, such as creativity, critical thinking, and collaboration.
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If we design a test poorly, or ask it to do the wrong job, or a job it's not very good at, the results may not be reliable or valid.
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Reliability and validity are two critical ideas for understanding standardized tests.
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To understand the difference between them, we can use the metaphor of two broken thermometers.
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An unreliable thermometer gives you a different reading each time you take your temperature, and the reliable but invalid thermometer is consistently ten degrees too hot.
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Validity also depends on accurate interpretations of results.
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If people say results of a test mean something they don't, that test may have a validity problem.
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Just as we wouldn't expect a ruler to tell us how much an elephant weighs, or what it had for breakfast, we can't expect standardized tests alone to reliably tell us how smart someone is, how diplomats will handle a tough situation, or how brave a firefighter might turn out to be.
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So standardized tests may help us learn a little about a lot of people in a short time, but they usually can't tell us a lot about a single person.
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Many social scientists worry about test scores resulting in sweeping and often negative changes for test takers, sometimes with long-term life consequences.
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We can't blame the tests, though.
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It's up to us to use the right tests for the right jobs, and to interpret results appropriately.
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为什么要通过这个视频练习口语？
在这个视频中，Arlo Kempf 讨论了标准化考试的话题，这为学习英语口语提供了一个丰富的背景和实际应用场景。通过观看这个视频，您不仅可以提高英语听力技能，还可以在模拟对话中练习口语。从中了解标准化测试的历史和影响，帮助您在日常交流中更自信。口语练习的好处在于，您可以通过反复模仿（shadow speech）演讲者的语音和语调来提高自己的表达能力，进而提升雅思口语的表现。与此同时，学习如何阐述自己的观点将会对英语学习者在面对各种对话时非常有帮助。
语法与表达在上下文中的应用
在这个视频中，有几个关键的表达结构值得学习：
- 例如：“If a diplomat is in the 70th percentile, 70% of test takers scored below her.” 这个句子展示了如何使用条件句表达假设情况，这对于学习复杂的语法结构非常有帮助。
- 再比如：“The results may not be reliable or valid.” 这里使用的“may not”帮助我们理解在不确定性时的表达方式，是日常对话中常见的模糊表达。
- 此外：“It's up to us to use the right tests for the right jobs.” 这句话突出了责任感和选择的重要性，同时也是职场英语中常用的表达方式。
这些表达方式在雅思口语练习中同样适用，因而通过视频练习将使您受益匪浅。
常见发音陷阱
在视频中，Arlo Kempf 使用了一些可能会让英语学习者感到困难的单词和短语。例如：
- “standardized testing” 这个词组的发音在快速对话中可能会变得模糊，容易造成误解。
- “creativity” 和 “collaboration” 这两个词的发音较为复杂，尤其在连接音的情况下，学习者需要加以练习以避免出错。
通过观看并模仿这样的发音，您可以在日常交流中变得更加流利。使用“看YouTube学英语”以获得相关资源，将大大促进您的学习效果，同时让雅思口语练习变得更加高效。
什么是跟读法？
跟读法 (Shadowing) 是一种有科学依据的语言学习技巧，最初开发用于专业口译员的培训，并由多语言者Alexander Arguelles博士普及。这个方法简单而强大：您在听英语母语原声的同时立即大声重复——就像是一个延迟1-2秒紧跟说话者的影子。与被动听力或语法练习不同，跟读法强迫您的大脑和口腔肌肉同时处理并模仿真实的讲话模式。研究表明它能显着提高发音准确性，语调，节奏，连读，听力理解和口语流利度——使其成为雅思口语备考和真实英语交流最有效的方法之一。