跟读练习: The immortal cells of Henrietta Lacks - Robin Bulleri - 通过YouTube学习英语口语
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Imagine something small enough to float on a particle of dust that holds the keys to understanding cancer, virology, and genetics.
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Imagine something small enough to float on a particle of dust that holds the keys to understanding cancer, virology, and genetics.
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Luckily for us, such a thing exists in the form of trillions upon trillions of human lab-grown cells called HeLa.
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Let's take a step back for a second.
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Scientists grow human cells in the lab to study how they function, understand how diseases develop, and test new treatments without endangering patients.
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To make sure that they can repeat these experiments over and over, and compare the results with other scientists, they need huge populations of identical cells that can duplicate themselves faithfully for years, but until 1951, all human cell lines that researchers tried to grow had died after a few days.
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Then a John Hopkins scientist named George Gey received a sample of a strange looking tumor: dark purple, shiny, jelly-like.
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This sample was special.
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Some of its cells just kept dividing, and dividing, and dividing.
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When individual cells died, generations of copies took their place and thrived.
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The result was an endless source of identical cells that's still around today.
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The very first immortal human cell line.
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Gey labeled it "HeLa" after the patient with the unusual tumor, Henrietta Lacks.
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Born on a tobacco farm in Virginia, she lived in Baltimore with her husband and five children.
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She died of aggressive cervical cancer a few months after her tumorous cells were harvested, and she never knew about them.
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So what's so special about the cells from Henrietta Lacks that lets them survive when other cell lines die?
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The short answer is we don't entirely know.
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Normal human cells have built-in control mechanisms.
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They can divide about 50 times before they self destruct in a process called apoptosis.
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This prevents the propagation of genetic errors that creep in after repeated rounds of division.
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But cancer cells ignore these signals, dividing indefinitely and crowding out normal cells.
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Still, most cell lines eventually die off, especially outside the human body.
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Not HeLa, though, and that's the part we can't yet explain.
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Regardless, when Dr. Gey realized he had the first immortal line of human cells, he sent samples to labs all over the world.
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Soon the world's first cell production facility was churning out 6 trillion HeLa cells a week, and scientists put them to work in an ethically problematic way, building careers and fortunes off of Henrietta's cells without her or her family's consent, or even knowledge until decades later.
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The polio epidemic was at its peak in the early 50s.
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HeLa cells, which easily took up and replicated the virus, allowed Jonas Salk to test his vaccine.
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They've been used to study diseases, including measles, mumps, HIV, and ebola.
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We know that human cells have 46 chromosomes because a scientist working with HeLa discovered a chemcial that makes chromosomes visible.
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HeLa cells themselves actually have around 80 highly mutated chromosomes.
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HeLa cells were the first to be cloned.
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They've traveled to outer space.
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Telomerase, an enzyme that helps cancer cells evade destruction by repairing their DNA, was discovered first in HeLa cells.
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In an interesting turn of fate, thanks to HeLa, we know that cervical cancer can be caused by a virus called HPV and now there's a vaccine.
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HeLa-fueled discoveries have filled thousands of scientific papers, and that number is probably even higher than anyone knows.
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HeLa cells are so resilient that they can travel on almost any surface: a lab worker's hand, a piece of dust, invading cultures of other cells and taking over like weeds, countless cures, patents and discoveries all made thanks to Henrieta Lacks.
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背景與歷史
在這段影片中，我們探索了亨麗埃塔·拉克斯（Henrietta Lacks）細胞的重要性，這些細胞被稱為「HeLa」。科學家們在實驗室中培養人類細胞，以研究其功能、了解疾病發展並測試新療法。自1951年以來，HeLa細胞成為第一個不死的細胞系，成為醫學研究的重要工具。這些細胞不僅幫助解決了無數醫學難題，還引發了對倫理問題的討論，因為亨麗埃塔本人及其家人從未知道她的細胞被這樣利用。
日常交流的五個關鍵短語
- 細胞分裂：談論細胞如何分裂和增殖。
- 癌症研究：關於癌症的研究和治療方法。
- 病毒與疫苗：涉及病毒、疫苗的話題。
- 遺傳學：提及基因及其在疾病中的作用。
- 科學倫理：討論研究中的倫理問題。
逐步跟隨指導
對於想要提高英語發音及口語技巧的學習者，可以採用「shadow speech」技巧進行學習。以下是針對這段影片的具體步驟：
- 選擇合適的片段：可以從影片中挑選一小段，這樣更便於集中注意力和理解內容。
- 聆聽與模仿：反覆聆聽所選的片段，並注意講者的語音、語調和節奏。試著用shadowspeaks方法來模仿。
- 逐句跟讀：根據影片中的對話分段，逐句跟讀。這不僅能提升你對於語音的敏感度，同時還能幫助你掌握標準的英語發音。
- 錄音回顧：錄下自己的跟讀，回顧時尋求改善的空間，這樣可以更清楚地了解到自己的進步和不足。
- 持之以恆：持續練習，每週都要回顧之前的內容，逐漸提高發音和流利度，實現你的雅思口語練習目標。
透過這樣的練習，不僅能有效提高你的英語水平，還能加深對於科學內容的理解，並拓展視野。探討細胞科學的同時，提升自己的語言技能變得愈加重要。
什么是跟读法？
跟读法 (Shadowing) 是一种有科学依据的语言学习技巧，最初开发用于专业口译员的培训，并由多语言者Alexander Arguelles博士普及。这个方法简单而强大：您在听英语母语原声的同时立即大声重复——就像是一个延迟1-2秒紧跟说话者的影子。与被动听力或语法练习不同，跟读法强迫您的大脑和口腔肌肉同时处理并模仿真实的讲话模式。研究表明它能显着提高发音准确性，语调，节奏，连读，听力理解和口语流利度——使其成为雅思口语备考和真实英语交流最有效的方法之一。