跟读练习: The incredible way our brain can heal itself | BBC Ideas - 通过YouTube学习英语口语
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On a fateful day in 1848,
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On a fateful day in 1848,
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Phineas Gage, a 25-year-old American construction worker,
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was supervising a controlled explosion on a railroad track when an iron rod shot up,
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going right through his skull.
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Although he was unconscious for a minute or so,
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he woke up and was soon sitting upright and talking.
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How did he survive this traumatic brain injury?
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How did it change his life and his personality?
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And what did Gage teach us about the brain's remarkable ability to adapt and recover?
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Our brain is incredibly powerful.
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Billions of neurons form trillions of connections,
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carrying our thoughts as tiny electrical signals.
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And when those connections get disrupted as a result of an injury,
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the brain can sometimes, to an extent,
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rewire itself in a process called neuroplasticity.
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So what happened to poor Phineas Gage?
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Well, once he'd woken up,
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he was taken to the nearest town.
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And there he was treated by a Dr. John Harlow.
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We know from Dr. Harlow's notes that the rod removed a chunk of Gage's brain,
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the right frontal lobe responsible for behavior, emotion, and attention.
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Gage's health soon deteriorated so much that his family altered a coffin, fearing the worst.
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But he pulled through, and soon enough he was back to normal.
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Except he wasn't.
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He had changed as a person.
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So much so, his friends and family said that Gage was no longer Gage.
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This once reportedly organized, reliable,
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and courteous man became rude,
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capricious, and as Dr. Harlow put it,
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a child in his intellectual capacity.
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While our personality is determined by many factors,
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including our genes and the environment we grew up in,
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the area of the brain most associated with it is the frontal lobe,
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the part destroyed by the rod in Gage's case.
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You could think then that this change was irreversible and that Gage,
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as everyone had known him, was gone forever.
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But was he?
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In fact, Gage recovered at least some,
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if not most, aspects of his personality.
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After the accident, he moved to Chile and retrained as a stagecoach driver.
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Driving a six-horse carriage required a lot of cognitive effort.
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He had to memorize a mountainous route with its dangerous twists and turns,
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and steer each horse's reins separately while navigating crowded roads with a coach full of passengers.
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He followed the same routine each day,
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caring for the horses, driving, collecting fares.
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He likely picked up some Spanish too.
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This regular, repetitive activity was in a way a version of modern-day neuro-rehabilitation.
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Every part of our body is connected to a specific part of our brain's outer layer called the cortex.
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And when the brain experiences traumatic injury,
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it can sometimes adapt by reallocating functions to a different area.
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This is called cortical remapping.
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Gage is often referred to as the man who started neuroscience,
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because his case was the first to point us towards this knowledge.
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We once thought that after childhood the brain remains fixed for the rest of our lives.
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But now we know that our brains are in fact amazingly flexible and the activity in the brain never stops.
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Brain injury is currently the leading cause of disability worldwide,
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but neuroplasticity offers some hope for recovery.
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The fact
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that our neural connections remain flexible can also contribute to our
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understanding of how we treat mental health problems such as anxiety or obsessive compulsive disorder.
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But it's not an easy process.
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Neuroplasticity relies on regular practice and repetition,
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sometimes over a very long period of time.
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Nowadays, neuro-rehabilitation encompasses a range of therapies,
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helping people to reconnect with lost skills and to restore their emotional balance.
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Many rehabilitation centres also incorporate music therapy.
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Music engages various regions of the brain simultaneously,
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including those responsible for movement, language, memory and emotion.
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And all this helps the brain to create new neural pathways.
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But while the brain can form new connections,
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neuroplasticity does not restore it to its original state or functionality.
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Illness or injury has the potential to alter the brain,
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sometimes for a while, other times forever.
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After the accident, Phineas Gage lived another 12 years.
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He died from multiple seizures undoubtedly linked to his brain damage.
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He could never have imagined the legacy he left behind,
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that his terrible accident would not only alter the course of his life,
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but would forever change our understanding of the brain.
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背景与背景
在1848年的一个命运之日，25岁的美国建筑工人菲尼亚斯·盖奇（Phineas Gage）正在铁路上监督一次受控爆炸时，一根铁杆意外穿过了他的头骨。尽管他失去了意识约一分钟，但他醒来后很快就坐直了身体并开始说话。这一创伤性脑损伤他是如何幸存下来的？这件事又如何改变了他的生活和个性？在此过程中，盖奇教会了我们关于大脑惊人适应与恢复能力的重要知识。我们的大脑拥有惊人的力量，数十亿个神经元形成了数万亿个连接，传递着我们的思想。然而，当这些连接因为伤害而中断时，大脑有时可以通过一种被称为神经可塑性（neuroplasticity）的过程，自我重组。
日常交流的五个常用短语
- 恢复能力 - "大脑的恢复能力是令人惊叹的。" (The brain's ability to recover is remarkable.)
- 个性变化 - "盖奇的个性发生了变化。" (Gage's personality changed.)
- 认知努力 - "驾驶六匹马的马车需要巨大的认知努力。" (Driving a six-horse carriage requires a lot of cognitive effort.)
- 环境影响 - "我们的个性受到基因和环境的影响。" (Our personality is influenced by genes and the environment.)
- 重复活动 - "有规律的重复活动是一种现代神经康复的方式。" (Regular repetitive activities are a form of modern neuro-rehabilitation.)
逐步模仿指导
要有效地掌握这个视频内容，可以通过模仿演讲者的方式进行英语学习，特别是在出色的发音和语调方面。以下是一些具体的步骤，帮助你进行有效的雅思口语练习和shadow speech：
- 观看视频 - 先仔细观看视频，注意演讲者的语音和表达。
- 逐句重复 - 暂停视频，逐句模仿演讲者的讲话，注意音调和重音。
- 录音自听 - 录制自己的模仿，并与原视频对比，找出差距。
- 分析难点 - 找出自己在模仿中遇到的难点，集中练习那些句子。
- 联系实际 - 尝试将视频中的句子和表达融入日常交流，提升运用自如的能力。
通过这些步骤，你不仅能提升英语口语技能，还能利用shadow speak和shadowspeak的技巧加速你的学习进程，实现更大的进步。
什么是跟读法？
跟读法 (Shadowing) 是一种有科学依据的语言学习技巧，最初开发用于专业口译员的培训，并由多语言者Alexander Arguelles博士普及。这个方法简单而强大：您在听英语母语原声的同时立即大声重复——就像是一个延迟1-2秒紧跟说话者的影子。与被动听力或语法练习不同，跟读法强迫您的大脑和口腔肌肉同时处理并模仿真实的讲话模式。研究表明它能显着提高发音准确性，语调，节奏，连读，听力理解和口语流利度——使其成为雅思口语备考和真实英语交流最有效的方法之一。