跟读练习: The power of the placebo effect - Emma Bryce - 通过YouTube学习英语口语
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In 1996, 56 volunteers took part in a study to test a new painkiller called Trivaricaine.
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In 1996, 56 volunteers took part in a study to test a new painkiller called Trivaricaine.
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On each subject, one index finger was covered in the new painkiller while the other remained untouched.
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Then, both were squeezed in painful clamps.
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The subjects reported that the treated finger hurt less than the untreated one.
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This shouldn't be surprising, except Trivaricaine wasn't actually a painkiller, just a fake concotion with no pain-easing properties at all.
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What made the students so sure this dummy drug had worked?
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The answer lies in the placebo effect, an unexplained phenomenon wherein drugs, treatments, and therapies that aren't supposed to have an effect, and are often fake, miraculously make people feel better.
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Doctors have used the term placebo since the 1700s when they realized the power of fake drugs to improve people's symptoms.
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These were administered when proper drugs weren't available, or if someone imagined they were ill.
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In fact, the word placebo means "I shall please" in Latin, hinting at a history of placating troubled patients.
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Placebos had to mimic the real treatments in order to be convincing, so they took the form of sugar pills, water-filled injections, and even sham surgeries.
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Soon, doctors realized that duping people in this way had another use: in clinical trials.
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By the 1950s, researchers were using placebos as a standard tool to test new treatments.
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To evaluate a new drug, for instance, half the patients in a trial might receive the real pill.
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The other half would get a placebo that looked the same.
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Since patients wouldn't know whether they'd received the real thing or a dud, the results wouldn't be biased, researchers believed.
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Then, if the new drug showed a significant benefit compared to the placebo, it was proved effective.
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Nowadays, it's less common to use placebos this way because of ethical concerns.
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If it's possible to compare a new drug against an older version, or another existing drug, that's preferable to simply giving someone no treatment at all, especially if they have a serious ailment.
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In these cases, placebos are often used as a control to fine-tune the trial so that the effects of the new versus the old or alternative drug can be precisely compared.
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But of course, we know the placebos exert their own influence, too.
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Thanks to the placebo effect, patients have experienced relief from a range of ailments, including heart problems, asthma, and severe pain, even though all they'd received was a fake drug or sham surgery.
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We're still trying to understand how.
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Some believe that instead of being real, the placebo effect is merely confused with other factors, like patients trying to please doctors by falsely reporting improvements.
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On the other hand, researchers think that if a person believes a fake treatment is real, their expectations of recovery actually do trigger physiological factors that improve their symptoms.
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Placebos seem to be capable of causing measurable change in blood pressure, heart rate, and the release of pain-reducing chemicals, like endorphins.
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That explains why subjects in pain studies often say placebos ease their discomfort.
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Placebos may even reduce levels of stress hormones, like adrenaline, which can slow the harmful effects of an ailment.
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So shouldn't we celebrate the placebo's bizarre benefits?
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Not necessarily.
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If somebody believes a fake treatment has cured them, they may miss out on drugs or therapies that are proven to work.
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Plus, the positive effects may fade over time, and often do.
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Placebos also cloud clinical results, making scientists even more motivated to discover how they wield such power over us.
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Despite everything we know about the human body, there are still some strange and enduring mysteries, like the placebo effect.
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So what other undiscovered marvels might we contain?
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It's easy to investigate the world around us and forget that one of its most fascinating subjects lies right behind our eyes.
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背景与概况
在1996年，56名志愿者参与了一项关于新型止痛药Trivaricaine的研究。通过对比治疗手指与未处理手指的疼痛感知，结果发现，志愿者们认为涂抹了假药的手指疼痛感减轻。这个现象背后反映了一个心理学现象——安慰剂效应，它揭示了即使是无效的药物，也能在人的信念作用下产生改善效果。
日常沟通的五个关键短语
- 安慰剂(placebo) - 指一种看似有效的治疗，实际上并没有疗效。
- 疼痛感(pain perception) - 指个体对疼痛的感知过程。
- 临床试验(clinical trials) - 用于测试新药效果的一项系统性研究。
- 预期(expectations) - 指个体对治疗效果的相信和期望。
- 生理因素(physiological factors) - 指影响身体机能的生物学因素。
逐步阴影练习指南
学习怎样处理这部视频的内容，并通过shadowspeak技术提高您的英语发音，是提升沟通能力的重要途径。以下是一些步骤：
- 观看与聆听：首先，观看Emma Bryce的演讲，留意她的发音和语速。
- 逐句跟读：选择短句进行shadow speak练习，模仿她的音调与重音，增强听说能力。
- 分析语调：注意她在介绍安慰剂效应时的语调变化，了解如何在不同情境中表达情绪。
- 重复练习：多次重复这些短语，并在日常对话中使用，以便巩固记忆并提高口音的自然度。
- 记录进程：录下你的发音并与原视频进行对比，找出改进的地方，以便持续进步。
通过这些方法，您可以更有效地运用shadowspeaks，提升您的英语发音技巧，为日常沟通打下良好基础。看YouTube学英语不仅便捷，还能让您接触到各类有趣的主题，帮助您理解更复杂的语言结构。
什么是跟读法？
跟读法 (Shadowing) 是一种有科学依据的语言学习技巧，最初开发用于专业口译员的培训，并由多语言者Alexander Arguelles博士普及。这个方法简单而强大：您在听英语母语原声的同时立即大声重复——就像是一个延迟1-2秒紧跟说话者的影子。与被动听力或语法练习不同，跟读法强迫您的大脑和口腔肌肉同时处理并模仿真实的讲话模式。研究表明它能显着提高发音准确性，语调，节奏，连读，听力理解和口语流利度——使其成为雅思口语备考和真实英语交流最有效的方法之一。