跟读练习: The psychology of narcissism - W. Keith Campbell - 通过YouTube学习英语口语
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The First Selfie Way before the first selfie,
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The First Selfie Way before the first selfie,
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the ancient Greeks and Romans had a myth about someone a little too obsessed with his own image.
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In one telling, Narcissus was a handsome guy wandering the world in search of someone to love.
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After rejecting a nymph named Echo,
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he caught a glimpse of his own reflection in a river and fell in love with it.
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Unable to tear himself away, Narcissus drowned.
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A flower marked the spot where he died,
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and we call that flower the Narcissus.
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The myth captures the basic idea of narcissism,
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elevated and sometimes detrimental self-involvement.
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But it's not just a personality type that shows up in advice columns.
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It's actually a set of traits classified and studied by psychologists.
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The psychological definition of narcissism Narcissism is an inflated, grandiose self-image.
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To varying degrees, narcissists think they're better looking,
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smarter, and more important than other people,
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and that they deserve special treatment.
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Psychologists recognize two forms of narcissism as a personality trait,
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grandiose and vulnerable narcissism.
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There's also narcissistic personality disorder,
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a more extreme form which we'll return to shortly.
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Grandiose narcissism is the most familiar kind,
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characterized by extroversion, dominance, and attention-seeking.
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Grandiose narcissists pursue attention and power,
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sometimes as politicians, celebrities, or cultural leaders.
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Of course, not everyone who pursues these positions of power is narcissistic.
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Many do it for very positive reasons,
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like reaching their full potential or helping make people's lives better.
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But narcissistic individuals seek power for the status and attention that goes with it.
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Meanwhile, vulnerable narcissists can be quiet and reserved.
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They have a strong sense of entitlement but are easily threatened or slighted.
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In either case, the dark side of narcissism shows up over the long term.
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Narcissists tend to act selfishly,
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so narcissistic leaders may make risky or unethical decisions,
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and narcissistic partners may be dishonest or unfaithful.
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When their rosy view of themselves is challenged,
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they can become resentful and aggressive.
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It's like a disease where the sufferers feel pretty good,
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but the people around them suffer.
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Taken to the extreme, this behavior is classified as a psychological disorder called narcissistic personality disorder.
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It affects 1 to 2% of the population, more commonly men.
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It is also a diagnosis reserved for adults.
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Young people, especially children, can be very self-centered,
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but this might just be a normal part of development.
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The fifth edition of the American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual describe several traits associated with narcissistic personality disorder.
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They include a grandiose view of oneself,
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problems with empathy, a sense of entitlement,
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and a need for admiration or attention.
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What makes these traits a true personality disorder is that they take over people's lives and cause significant problems.
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Imagine that instead of caring for your spouse or children,
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you used them as a source of attention or admiration.
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Or imagine that instead of seeking constructive feedback about your performance,
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you instead told everyone who tried to help you that they were wrong.
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So what causes narcissism?
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Twin studies show a strong genetic component,
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although we don't know which genes are involved.
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But environment matters, too.
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Parents who put their child on a pedestal can foster grandiose narcissism,
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and cold, controlling parents can contribute to vulnerable narcissism.
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Narcissism also seems to be higher in cultures that value individuality and self-promotion.
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In the United States, for example,
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narcissism as a personality trait has been rising since the 1970s,
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when the communal focus of the 60s gave way to the self-esteem movement and a rise in materialism.
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Recently, social media has multiplied the possibilities for self-promotion.
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Though it's worth noting that there's no clear evidence that social media causes narcissism,
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rather, it provides narcissists a means to seek social status and attention.
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So can narcissists improve on those negative traits?
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Yes.
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Anything that promotes honest reflection on their own behavior and caring for others,
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like psychotherapy or practicing compassion towards others, can be helpful.
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The difficulty is, it can be challenging for people with narcissistic personality disorder to keep working at self-betterment.
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For a narcissist, self-reflection is hard from an unflattering angle.
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背景与情境
在心理学中，自恋是一种被广泛研究的个性特征。著名心理学家W. Keith Campbell通过一则古希腊神话引入这一主题，讲述了纳西斯的故事：他因过于沉迷于自我形象而走向灭亡。这种自恋不仅体现在社交行为中，也深深影响着人际关系和个人心理状态。理解自恋的不同类型有助于我们在日常生活中识别和应对这种行为，同时也为学习英语提供了一个生动的情境。
日常交流中的五个重要短语
- 自恋者的特点：理解自恋者的行为能够帮助你在社交场合中更从容地应对。
- 自我反思：学习如何进行诚实的自我反省是改善人际关系的关键。
- 寻求关注：自恋者往往追求他人的注意，了解这一点能让你在对话中更加敏感。
- 同情心：展现同情心能够改善与他人的沟通效果。
- 心理健康：重视心理健康，对任何人都至关重要，尤其是在自恋者的周围。
逐步影子跟读指南
对于想要通过影子跟读提高英语水平的学习者，这段视频提供了丰富的学习材料。以下是一些有效的影子跟读步骤，以帮助你克服该视频的难度：
- 听力训练：首先，仔细聆听视频内容，确保你对大意有基本理解。
- 逐句跟读：选择短的句子，停下视频，一句一句地重复说出，注意语调和发音。
- 模仿语气：关注演讲者的情感表达，通过模仿语气来提升你的语言表达能力。
- 录音比较：录下自己的声音，与演讲者的发音对比，找出差距以便改进。
- 反复练习：持之以恒，通过每天定时进行英语影子跟读，不断提升自己的口语流利度，达到雅思口语练习的要求。
运用这些技巧，你将能在学习英语的过程中更好地理解和应用“自恋”这个概念，同时提升你的语言能力，迈向更高的语言水平。
什么是跟读法？
跟读法 (Shadowing) 是一种有科学依据的语言学习技巧，最初开发用于专业口译员的培训，并由多语言者Alexander Arguelles博士普及。这个方法简单而强大：您在听英语母语原声的同时立即大声重复——就像是一个延迟1-2秒紧跟说话者的影子。与被动听力或语法练习不同，跟读法强迫您的大脑和口腔肌肉同时处理并模仿真实的讲话模式。研究表明它能显着提高发音准确性，语调，节奏，连读，听力理解和口语流利度——使其成为雅思口语备考和真实英语交流最有效的方法之一。