跟读练习: What’s the smallest thing in the universe? - Jonathan Butterworth - 通过YouTube学习英语口语
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If you were to take any everyday object,
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If you were to take any everyday object,
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say a coffee cup, and break it in half,
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then in half again, and keep carrying on,
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where would you end up?
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Could you keep on going forever?
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Or would you find a set of indivisible building blocks out of which everything is made?
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Physicists have found the latter,
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that matter is made of fundamental particles,
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the smallest things in the universe.
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Particles interact with each other according to a theory called the Standard Model.
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The Standard Model is a remarkably elegant encapsulation of the strange quantum world of indivisible,
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infinitely small particles.
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It also covers the forces that govern how particles move,
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interact, and bind together to give shape to the world around us.
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So how does it work?
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Zooming in on the fragments of the cup,
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we see molecules made of atoms bound up together.
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A molecule is the smallest unit of any chemical compound.
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An atom is the smallest unit of any element in the periodic table.
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But the atom is not the smallest unit of matter.
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Experiments found that each atom has a tiny,
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dense nucleus, surrounded by a cloud of even tinier electrons.
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The electron is, as far as we know,
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one of the fundamental indivisible building blocks of the universe.
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It was the first standard model particle ever discovered.
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Electrons are bound to an atom's nucleus by electromagnetism.
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They attract each other by exchanging particles called photons,
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which are quanta of light that carry the electromagnetic force,
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one of the fundamental forces of the standard model.
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The nucleus has more secrets to reveal,
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as it contains protons and neutrons.
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Though once thought to be fundamental particles on their own,
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in 1968 physicists found that protons and neutrons are actually made of quarks, which are indivisible.
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A proton contains two up quarks and one down quark.
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A neutron contains two down quarks and one up.
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The nucleus is held together by the strong force,
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another fundamental force of the standard model.
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Just as photons carry the electromagnetic force,
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particles called gluons carry the strong force.
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Electrons, together with up-and-down quarks,
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seem to be all we need to build atoms and therefore describe normal matter.
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However, high-energy experiments reveal that there are actually six quarks,
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down and up, strange and charm, and bottom and top.
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And they come in a wide range of masses.
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The same was found for electrons,
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which have heavier siblings called the muon and the tau.
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Why are there three and only three different versions of each of these particles?
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This remains a mystery.
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These heavy particles are only produced for very brief moments in high-energy collisions and are not seen in everyday life.
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This is because they decay very quickly into the lighter particles.
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Such decays involve the exchange of force-carrying particles called the W and Z,
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which, unlike the photon, have mass.
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They carry the weak force,
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the final force of the standard model.
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This same force allows protons and neutrons to transform into each other,
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a vital part of the fusion interactions that drive the Sun.
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To observe the W and Z directly,
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we needed the high-energy collisions provided by particle accelerators.
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There's another kind of standard model particle called neutrinos.
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These only interact with other particles through the weak force.
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Trillions of neutrinos, many generated by the Sun,
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fly through us every second.
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Measurements of weak interactions found that there are different kinds of neutrinos associated with the electron,
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muon, and tau.
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All these particles also have antimatter versions,
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which have the opposite charge but are otherwise identical.
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Matter and antimatter particles are produced in pairs in high-energy collisions,
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and they annihilate each other when they meet.
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The final particle of the standard model is the Higgs boson,
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a quantum ripple in the background energy field of the universe.
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Interacting with this field is how all the fundamental matter particles acquire mass,
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according to the Standard Model.
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The ATLAS experiment on the Large Hadron Collider is studying the Standard Model in depth.
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By taking precise measurements of the particles and forces that make up the universe,
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ATLAS physicists can look for answers to mysteries not explained by the Standard Model.
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For example, how does gravity fit in?
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What is the real relationship between force carriers and matter particles?
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how can we describe dark matter,
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which makes up most of the mass in the universe but remains unaccounted for?
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While the Standard Model provides a beautiful explanation for the world around us,
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there is still a universe's worth of mysteries left to explore.
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Ready to start exploring?
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Dive right back into the perplexities of the universe with these two lessons.
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本课简介
在本课中，学习者将通过分析约翰·巴特沃斯的演讲内容，深入了解宇宙中最微小的事物以及物质的基本构成。通过观看视频，您将能够提升您的英语听说能力，增强对科学词汇的理解。这一过程将在不断重复和模仿中提升您的发音、语调及流利程度，非常适合在我们的 shadowing site 上进行 shadow speech 练习。
关键词汇与短语
- 粒子 (particle)
- 原子 (atom)
- 分子 (molecule)
- 基本粒子 (fundamental particle)
- 电子 (electron)
- 强力 (strong force)
- 夸克 (quark)
- 标准模型 (Standard Model)
练习建议
在观看这段视频并进行 shadowing 时，请尽量模仿演讲者的语速和语调。他的语速适中，适合初学者跟随。以下是一些具体的练习建议：
- 多次回放： 在视频播放过程中，暂停并倒回，反复练习您并不熟悉的部分。
- 注意重音： 特别关注重读的单词，这会有助于更好地把握语句的节奏。尤其是在描述科学概念时，重音往往能帮助传达重要信息。
- 模仿语调： 模仿演讲者的语调和情感表达，这对于掌握科学英语的表达方式尤为重要。
- 记录并回听： 录下自己的声音，并与原演讲进行对比，以识别和改进发音问题。
通过这样的练习，您将在 看YouTube学英语 的过程中进一步掌握这些科学术语和表达技巧，提升您的沟通能力，增强您在学术及日常交流中的自信心。
什么是跟读法？
跟读法 (Shadowing) 是一种有科学依据的语言学习技巧，最初开发用于专业口译员的培训，并由多语言者Alexander Arguelles博士普及。这个方法简单而强大：您在听英语母语原声的同时立即大声重复——就像是一个延迟1-2秒紧跟说话者的影子。与被动听力或语法练习不同，跟读法强迫您的大脑和口腔肌肉同时处理并模仿真实的讲话模式。研究表明它能显着提高发音准确性，语调，节奏，连读，听力理解和口语流利度——使其成为雅思口语备考和真实英语交流最有效的方法之一。