跟读练习: When will the next mass extinction occur? - Borths, D'Emic, and Pritchard - 通过YouTube学习英语口语
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About 66 million years ago, something terrible happened to life on our planet.
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About 66 million years ago, something terrible happened to life on our planet.
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Ecosystems were hit with a double blow as massive volcanic eruptions filled the atmosphere with carbon dioxide and an asteroid roughly the size of Manhattan struck the Earth.
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The dust from the impact reduced or stopped photosynthesis from many plants, starving herbivores and the carnivores that preyed on them.
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Within a short time span, three-quarters of the world's species disappeared forever, and the giant dinosaurs, flying pterosaurs, shelled squids, and marine reptiles that had flourished for ages faded into prehistory.
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It may seem like the dinosaurs were especially unlucky, but extinctions of various severities have occurred throughout the Earth's history, and are still happening all around us today.
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Environments change, pushing some species out of their comfort zones while creating new opportunities for others.
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Invasive species arrive in new habitats, outcompeting the natives.
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And in some cases, entire species are wiped out as a result of activity by better adapted organisms.
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Sometimes, however, massive changes in the environment occur too quickly for most living creatures to adapt, causing thousands of species to die off in a geological instant.
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We call this a mass extinction event, and although such events may be rare, paleontologists have been able to identify several of them through dramatic changes in the fossil record, where lineages that persisted through several geological layers suddenly disappear.
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In fact, these mass extinctions are used to divide the Earth's history into distinct periods.
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Although the disappearance of the dinosaurs is the best known mass extinction event, the largest occurred long before dinosaurs ever existed.
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252 million years ago, between the Permian and Triassic periods, the Earth's land masses gathered together into the single supercontinent Pangaea.
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As it coalesced, its interior was filled with deserts, while the single coastline eliminated many of the shallow tropical seas where biodiversity thrived.
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Huge volcanic eruptions occurred across Siberia, coinciding with very high temperatures, suggesting a massive greenhouse effect.
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These catastrophes contributed to the extinction of 95% of species in the ocean, and on land, the strange reptiles of the Permian gave way to the ancestors of the far more familiar dinosaurs we know today.
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But mass extinctions are not just a thing of the distant past.
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Over the last few million years, the fluctuation of massive ice sheets at our planet's poles has caused sea levels to rise and fall, changing weather patterns and ocean currents along the way.
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As the ice sheets spread, retreated, and returned, some animals were either able to adapt to the changes, or migrate to a more suitable environment.
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Others, however, such as giant ground sloths, giant hyenas, and mammoths went extinct.
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The extinction of these large mammals coincides with changes in the climate and ecosystem due to the melting ice caps.
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But there is also an uncomfortable overlap with the rise of a certain hominid species originating in Africa 150,000 years ago.
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In the course of their adaptation to the new environment, creating new tools and methods for gathering food and hunting prey, humans may not have single-handedly caused the extinction of these large animals, as some were able to coexist with us for thousands of years.
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But it's clear that today, our tools and methods have become so effective that humans are no longer reacting to the environment, but are actively changing it.
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The extinction of species is a normal occurrence in the background of ecosystems.
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But studies suggest that rates of extinction today for many organisms are hundreds to thousands of times higher than the normal background.
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But the same unique ability that makes humans capable of driving mass extinctions can also enable us to prevent them.
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By learning about past extinction events, recognizing what is happening today as environments change, and using this knowledge to lessen our effect on other species, we can transform humanity's impact on the world from something as destructive as a massive asteroid into a collaborative part of a biologically diverse future.
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关于本课
在本节课中，学习者将通过观看关于大规模灭绝事件的短片，加深对生态系统变化和生物灭绝的理解。通过听到自然界的变化和人类对灭绝的影响，学习者将练习听力和口语能力。这将为您的雅思口语练习提供实用的背景素材，帮助您在交流时更流利自如。
关键词汇与短语
- 生态系统 (ecosystem) - 生物与其环境的相互作用系统。
- 灭绝 (extinction) - 一种生物完全消失的过程。
- 生物多样性 (biodiversity) - 一个地区内不同生物种类的数量和多样性。
- 适应 (adapt) - 生物对环境变化的反应和调整。
- 火山喷发 (volcanic eruptions) - 地球内部物质喷出到表面的过程。
- 人类活动 (human activity) - 影响自然环境的人的行为。
- 工具与方法 (tools and methods) - 用于生存和猎捕的设备与技巧。
- 背景灭绝率 (background extinction rate) - 在正常情况下，生物种类消失的速率。
练习技巧
在观看视频时，尝试使用shadowing技巧，这是一种有效的口语练习方法。您可以将视频中的讲话内容跟随其后，尽量模仿发音、语调和节奏。请注意这个视频的速度适中，适合初学者进行练习。选择短的片段进行重复，直到您能够流利地复述。使用shadow speech来帮助您更好地内化和运用新学的词汇和短语。通过不断地跟读和模仿，您能够提高自己的口语能力，同时增强对复杂主题的理解，这是准备雅思口语练习的重要一步。使用这一shadowing site的方式，让您在日常对话中能更自信地交流，逐步提升您的英语水平。
什么是跟读法？
跟读法 (Shadowing) 是一种有科学依据的语言学习技巧，最初开发用于专业口译员的培训，并由多语言者Alexander Arguelles博士普及。这个方法简单而强大：您在听英语母语原声的同时立即大声重复——就像是一个延迟1-2秒紧跟说话者的影子。与被动听力或语法练习不同，跟读法强迫您的大脑和口腔肌肉同时处理并模仿真实的讲话模式。研究表明它能显着提高发音准确性，语调，节奏，连读，听力理解和口语流利度——使其成为雅思口语备考和真实英语交流最有效的方法之一。