Pratique du Shadowing: Megacities: London - Apprendre l'anglais à l'oral avec la vidéo
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151 phrases
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London, a thriving cosmopolitan metropolis.
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A city that's open round the clock.
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It is one of the world's oldest and greatest cities.
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a cultural, economic and political hub that continues to grow.
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So how does London, the largest city in Western Europe, function?
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Let's take a look at the city's vital statistics.
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The significance of its location,
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the causes of growth, employment,
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housing availability and service provision.
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The United Kingdom.
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Looking at the globe, we can see that the British Isles in the North Atlantic are geographically close to continental Europe.
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London, the capital of the United Kingdom,
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is located in the south-east of Great Britain at the estuary of the River Thames.
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Its history extends back to Roman times,
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where it began as a settlement at one of the river's shallow crossing points.
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It wasn't an easy city to settle as there was so much marsh and low-lying wetland.
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The city was first sighted around what is now London Bridge and became a place that attracted market traders.
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Perfectly located for trade with the continent,
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more and more goods began to arrive by sea and as the port grew,
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London became a thriving commercial center.
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By the 3rd century AD,
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it replaced Colchester as the provincial capital and was the commercial and administrative center of Roman Britain.
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Historically, colonialism and the expansion of the British Empire led to maps being created with an Anglo-
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or Eurocentric view of the world.
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and the Greenwich Meridian at the centre point,
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with all time zones and lines of longitude radiating from there.
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London's time zone plays a big part in driving its economic activity.
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Those working in London's huge financial and services sectors can trade with Asia,
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which is 5 to 7 hours ahead,
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and Australia 8 to 10 hours ahead,
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then later that same day,
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New York, which is 5 hours behind.
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Heathrow is the world's second biggest international airport.
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If we add together the number of international passengers at all five of London's airports,
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It is by far the world's largest international air hub.
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Situated 51 degrees north of the equator,
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London's climate is temperate maritime,
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meaning temperatures are generally moderate.
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Despite some occasional cold winters,
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it rarely receives significant snowfalls because of the heat from surrounding buildings,
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known as the urban heat island effect.
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Regionally, London's economic growth is also due to its location in the UK.
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able to trade with Europe by sea more quickly than other British cities,
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simply because it's closer than cities further north or west.
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And even when the large industrial cities of the Midlands and the North rapidly expanded during the Industrial Revolution,
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London had a larger population, economy, and port.
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Let's look at other reasons why people moved to London over the centuries.
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London has always been a diverse city,
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attracting people from all over the globe.
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The 15th and 16th centuries brought Protestants seeking religious freedom and Jews escaping persecution.
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And there have been many waves of migration since then,
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particularly in the 20th and more recently the 21st century.
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Today London's knowledge economy has attracted many migrants,
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with an estimated 1.6 million Europeans currently living there,
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although Brexit could ultimately reduce this figure.
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Students from over 200 countries attend London's schools,
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and every major language is spoken in the city.
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London's population is now growing faster than at any time in its history.
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In recent years, London was home to 8.6 million people,
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its highest population ever.
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The reason for the recent rapid population growth is migration primarily from overseas but also from within the country.
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1.9 million economic migrants settled in London from overseas between 2000 and 2013.
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International migration consists of two groups of workers, skilled and unskilled.
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Many skilled workers take up well-paid jobs in London's knowledge economy,
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in sectors including finance, law,
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management, advertising, media and technology.
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Skilled workers are recruited from overseas as there simply aren't enough British workers to fill certain jobs.
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Most in this category are white,
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highly qualified professionals from Europe,
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the United States, South Africa and Australia.
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London has a significant share of total UK employment in the following sectors.
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Financial, which accounts for 30% of the UK's workforce in this sector.
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Public Administration, Health and Education, 29%.
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Business Services, 23%.
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Transport and Communications, 20%.
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Many unskilled migrants do jobs UK workers don't want to do,
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like rubbish collection, commercial cleaning, childcare, and pizza delivery.
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London's construction and hospitality industries would also struggle without them.
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Many of these unskilled workers come from Europe,
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India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and West Africa.
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Some work in the informal economy,
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which comprises approximately 10% of the UK's total economy,
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which cost the nation about £150 billion a year in uncollected taxes.
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These workers also have no holiday entitlement,
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sick pay, or health benefits.
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About 60% of Britain's illegal immigrants live and work in London.
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The city has many distinct ethnic communities which have emerged for many reasons.
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These include the growth of places of religious worship or shops selling ethnic foods.
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It also preserves cultural identity and provides some protection from discrimination.
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Some communities stage cultural festivals celebrating their heritage,
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like the annual Notting Hill Carnival.
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Rapid population growth poses many challenges and opportunities.
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In 2012, over 2 million people in London lived in poverty,
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28% of the population.
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That's 7% higher than the rest of England.
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The cause is inequality in incomes,
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which is greater in London than any other part of the United Kingdom.
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One million of the UK's poorest people and one million of its wealthiest live in London.
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While parts of London are booming and wealthy, some are very deprived.
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The UK government gathers information on employment,
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health, education, housing and services to produce an index of multiple deprivation.
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A close link has been found between deprivation and life expectancy.
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An important aspect of quality of life is housing availability and affordability.
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Home ownership, for so long a major aspiration of the UK's population,
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has become a distant dream for many because house prices are so high.
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One contributing factor is overseas investors buying property in London,
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which is regarded as a safe haven.
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Many streets in some of London's smartest addresses are empty at night because so few people live there.
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Houses have been purchased simply as an investment.
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The average rate of home ownership in the UK is about 65%,
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but in inner London it's less than 40%.
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In one of London's wealthiest boroughs,
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Richmond, 69% own their property,
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16% rent privately, and 15% rent social housing.
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But in the East London Borough of Newham,
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one of London's poorest, 32% own their own home,
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35% rent privately, and 32% rent social housing,
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despite relatively lower house prices.
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Some housing projects that claim to be affordable often aren't,
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because the land they are building on costs so much.
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For example, 50% of the East Village project in Stratford on the edge of Olympic Park is labeled as affordable,
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but to qualify for a house there,
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your salary could be up to £60,000.
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Other efforts have been made to increase housing.
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Since the 1980s,
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the Docklands regeneration on the site of London's former port has created over 21 square kilometers of space for housing
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and commercial development.
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The regeneration of other brownfield sites,
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such as the Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park,
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has also helped improve London's image as a good city to live and work.
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London's population growth also places pressure on the city's services,
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which are critical to keep the city functioning.
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Transport is one of London's success stories,
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but services struggle to keep up with increasing demand as the city's population and economy continue to grow.
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London's road congestion is worse than anywhere else in the United Kingdom,
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so people are actively discouraged from driving into the city to work.
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In 2003, a congestion charge was introduced in an effort to reduce traffic entering central London to cut congestion and reduce pollution.
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Motorists pay a fee for daytime travel into central London on weekdays.
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This raised £1.2 billion in the first decade,
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some of which was used to fund improvements to London's buses,
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resulting in a 6% increase in bus passenger numbers.
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And since 2012, all new London buses must be hybrid,
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with a conventional engine and an electric motor,
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making them cleaner and more fuel efficient.
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Finally, education.
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Government investment between 1997 and 2010 has seen most London schools rebuild.
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results have improved dramatically.
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In London's poorest areas, three times the number of students now complete qualifications compared with the late 1990s.
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But there is pressure on education in some boroughs.
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Schools in Newham in East London are struggling to meet the increasing demand caused by higher than average birth rate.
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As this snapshot of London's vital statistics show there are many challenges and opportunities facing the city as it continues to grow.
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Vocabulaire et conseils d’expression pour cette leçon
Cette leçon d’expression orale de niveau C1 s’appuie sur la vidéo « Megacities: London ». Les mots qui reviennent le plus souvent : London, population, housing, workers, economy. Cette vidéo contient 151 phrases et 1436 mots à répéter en shadowing. La partie parlée dure 13:35. Le locuteur parle lentement, environ 106 mots par minute, ce qui laisse le temps d’imiter chaque son. 83 % des mots font partie des 3 000 mots les plus courants en anglais ; le reste mérite d’être vu avant de commencer.
Vocabulaire clé de cette vidéo
Les 15 mots les plus avancés de la vidéo, avec leur prononciation et leur sens :
| Mot | Prononciation | Sens |
|---|---|---|
| congestion nom | /kənˈd͡ʒɛs.t͡ʃən/ | embouteillage, bouchon |
| migrant nom | /ˈmaɪɡɹənt/ | migrateur, migratrice |
| deprivation nom | /ˌdɛp.ɹɪˈveɪʃən/ | privation |
| regeneration nom | régénération | |
| thrive verbe | /θɹajv/ | 1&2: croître, s'épanouir |
| borough nom | /ˈbʌɹ.oʊ/ | arrondissement |
| aspiration nom | /ˌæspəˈɹeɪʃən/ | aspiration |
| brownfield nom | zone de friche, site pollué | |
| childcare nom | garde d'enfants | |
| cosmopolitan adjectif | /ˌkɑz.məˈpɑl.ɪ.tən/ | cosmopolite |
| deprive verbe | /dɪˈpɹaɪv/ | priver (de) |
| equator nom | /ɪˈkweɪ.tɚ/ | équateur |
| estuary nom | /ˈɛst͡ʃuˌɛɹi/ | estuaire |
| expectancy nom | /ɪkˈspɛktənsi/ | attente, espérance |
| longitude nom | /ˈlɑnd͡ʒəˌtud/ | longitude |
Les verbes à particule que vous entendrez
| Mot | Sens |
|---|---|
| keep up with verbe | aller de pair avec |
La grammaire de cette vidéo
Les structures que le locuteur utilise le plus, avec les mots exacts de la vidéo :
| Structure | Dans la vidéo |
|---|---|
| Present perfect have/has + participe passé — une action passée qui compte encore maintenant | has always been · have been · has attracted |
| Voix passive be + participe passé — l’accent est mis sur ce qui arrive, pas sur qui le fait | is located · being created · is spoken |
| Propositions relatives who / which + proposition — une précision sur une personne ou une chose | York, which is · communities which have |
Prononciation à surveiller
Le locuteur utilise 4 contractions et formes réduites, comme aren't, don't, wasn't. Prononcez-les sous leur forme courte, telles que vous les entendez.
- Les sons « sh » et « zh »: deprivation /ˌdɛp.ɹɪˈveɪʃən/, aspiration /ˌæspəˈɹeɪʃən/, snapshot /ˈsnæpʃɒt/, persecution /ˌpɝsəˈkjuʃən/, rubbish /ˈɹʌbɪʃ/
- Mots longs — placez bien l’accent: deprivation /ˌdɛp.ɹɪˈveɪʃən/, aspiration /ˌæspəˈɹeɪʃən/, cosmopolitan /ˌkɑz.məˈpɑl.ɪ.tən/, estuary /ˈɛst͡ʃuˌɛɹi/, expectancy /ɪkˈspɛktənsi/
Les sons difficiles pour les francophones :
- /h/ — il se souffle, il n’est pas muet: hospitality /ˌhɑ.spɪˈtæl.ə.ti/, historically /hɪˈstɔɹɪkli/
- /tʃ/ et /dʒ/ — à ne pas adoucir en « ch » et « j »: congestion /kənˈd͡ʒɛs.t͡ʃən/, estuary /ˈɛst͡ʃuˌɛɹi/, longitude /ˈlɑnd͡ʒəˌtud/, regionally /ˈɹiːd͡ʒənəli/, discourage /dɪsˈkɝɪd͡ʒ/
- /r/ anglais — langue recourbée, sans frotter la gorge: migrant /ˈmaɪɡɹənt/, deprivation /ˌdɛp.ɹɪˈveɪʃən/, thrive /θɹajv/, borough /ˈbʌɹ.oʊ/, privately /ˈpɹaɪvɪtli/
Comment s’entraîner avec cette vidéo
- Écoutez la vidéo en entier une fois sans parler et notez les mots que vous ne connaissez pas.
- Répétez phrase par phrase à vitesse normale, en reprenant chacune jusqu’à ce que votre rythme corresponde à celui du locuteur.
- Enregistrez-vous et comparez avec l’original, en faisant attention à des mots comme congestion, migrant, deprivation.
Qu'est-ce que la technique du Shadowing ?
Le Shadowing est une technique d'apprentissage des langues fondée sur la science, développée à l'origine pour la formation des interprètes professionnels. Le principe est simple mais puissant : vous écoutez de l'anglais natif et le répétez immédiatement à voix haute — comme une ombre suivant le locuteur avec un décalage de 1 à 2 secondes. Les recherches montrent une amélioration significative de la précision de la prononciation, de l'intonation, du rythme, des liaisons, de la compréhension orale et de la fluidité.