Pratique du Shadowing: What Is A Semiconductor? - Apprendre l'anglais à l'oral avec la vidéo
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Science!
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Here I have a circuit with a battery, light bulb, and gap.
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If I fill this gap with a metal, the light comes on.
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If I fill this gap with glass, the light stays on.
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You probably already know this because metal is an electric conductor and glass is an insulator.
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But what happens when I fill this gap with a silicon wafer? wafer.
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The light stays off so you might think the silicon is an insulator but what if I heat it up?
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Thank you.
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It lights up.
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The silicon is insulating at room temperature but conducts electricity when it's very hot.
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It's a semiconductor, whose conductivity changes based on the environment.
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This special ability makes semiconductors the perfect brains for electronic devices.
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Circuits of small semiconductor switches,
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called transistors, are at the heart of computer chips and enable them to do math and run programs.
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Semiconductors have enabled electronics to become smaller, faster, and more reliable.
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But what is it exactly about these semiconductors that allow them to either conduct or insulate?
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In a single atom, electrons can occupy specific energy levels.
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When multiple atoms bond, the electrons are shared between them.
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But because the atoms are now interacting,
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the energy levels shift around.
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In a solid, trillions and trillions of atoms interact with each other.
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Their individual energy levels smear into energy bands.
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For a material to conduct,
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the electrons must be able to jump from lower energy states to higher ones.
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The spacing of these energy levels and how they're filled with electrons determines if if the material is a conductor,
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insulator, or semiconductor.
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If there's a huge gap between the lower energy levels and the higher ones,
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it's hard for electrons to jump to the higher ones,
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so current can't flow, and it's an insulator like this glass.
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Metals have no gap at all.
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Electrons can move to the higher energy levels with no problem.
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Current can flow.
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Semiconductors fall somewhere in the middle.
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They have a medium-sized band gap.
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So technically, I can make this glass conduct electricity
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if I added enough energy through heat to push the electrons into a higher band.
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But that amount of heat would either melt or break the glass before it actually conducts.
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This is true of most insulators.
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The amount of energy needed to make them conduct is just too high.
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But in a semiconductor, the band gap is small enough
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that electrons can jump into the higher energy band so that current can flow.
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The amount of heat we apply determines how many electrons jump into the higher band and how much current flows.
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And heat isn't the only way to change the conductivity in a semiconductor.
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We can also use light,
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electric currents, and in a computer, electric fields.
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As I've said, computers are made up of semiconductor switches called transistors that switch between conducting and insulating.
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Computers use electric fields because heat is slow and would burn too much energy.
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We can turn this wafer into a computer chip by printing a circuit of transistors on it using a process called photolithography.
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Here, in the photo room,
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we cover the wafer with a light-sensitive material and expose it to light that we shine through a pattern mask.
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Then, we develop the wafer,
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like film and photography, which leaves behind a pattern that becomes the circuit.
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Printing the transistors at once lets you make circuits that are smaller and cheaper than if you built them from individual parts.
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Transistors make up the logic elements,
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the memory components, and the communication modules that let computers talk to each other.
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With semiconductors, you can cheaply add transistors to almost any device you can think of,
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from spaceships to servers to maybe even your toaster.
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Semiconductors have enabled the technological revolution,
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the internet, the computer, and the cell phone.
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No semiconductors, no information age.
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I'm Jamie and thanks for watching this episode of Science Out Loud.
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Be sure to check out some of our other videos,
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including mine, on how computers compute.
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Check out our website for more information.
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The end is...
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I'm just like...
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Prononciation IAChaque phrase notée
Phonétique (IPA)Maîtrisez chaque son
VocabulaireEnrichissez votre lexique
Jeu de vocabulaireApprenez en jouant
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Vocabulaire et conseils d’expression pour cette leçon
Cette leçon d’expression orale de niveau C2 s’appuie sur la vidéo « What Is A Semiconductor? ». Les mots qui reviennent le plus souvent : semiconductor, energy, electrons, gap, computer. Cette vidéo contient 66 phrases et 690 mots à répéter en shadowing. La partie parlée dure 4:43. Le locuteur parle à un rythme régulier d’environ 146 mots par minute, confortable pour le shadowing. Seuls 78 % des mots font partie des 3 000 mots les plus courants en anglais, le vocabulaire est donc exigeant.
Vocabulaire clé de cette vidéo
Les 15 mots les plus avancés de la vidéo, avec leur prononciation et leur sens :
| Mot | Prononciation | Sens |
|---|---|---|
| semiconductor nom | /ˌsɛmikənˈdʌktə/ | semiconducteur |
| transistor nom | /tɹænˈzɪs.tɚ/ | transistor |
| insulator nom | /ˈɪn.s(j)ə.leɪ.tə(ɹ)/ | isolateur |
| wafer nom | /ˈweɪ̯fɚ/ | gaufrette |
| atom nom | /ˈætəm/ | atome |
| insulate verbe | /ˈɪnsʊleɪt/ | isoler |
| silicon nom | /ˈsɪləˌkɑn/ | silicium |
| conductivity nom | conductivité | |
| conductor nom | /kənˈdʌktɚ/ | chef d'orchestre |
| interact verbe | /ɪn.təˈɹækt/ | interagir |
| compute verbe | /kəmˈpjuːt/ | computer, calculer |
| spaceship nom | vaisseau spatial, astronef | |
| toaster nom | /ˈtəʊ̯s.təː/ | grille-pain, toasteur |
| bulb nom | /ˈbʌlb/ | bulbe |
| module nom | /ˈmɑd͡ʒul/ | module |
Les verbes à particule que vous entendrez
| Mot | Prononciation | Sens |
|---|---|---|
| check out verbe | mater, regarder | |
| leave behind verbe | abandonner | |
| make up verbe | /ˌmeɪk ˈʌp/ | constituer, composer |
La grammaire de cette vidéo
Les structures que le locuteur utilise le plus, avec les mots exacts de la vidéo :
| Structure | Dans la vidéo |
|---|---|
| Present perfect have/has + participe passé — une action passée qui compte encore maintenant | have enabled · I've said |
| Voix passive be + participe passé — l’accent est mis sur ce qui arrive, pas sur qui le fait | are shared · are made |
Prononciation à surveiller
Le locuteur utilise 6 contractions et formes réduites, comme I'm, can't, I've. Prononcez-les sous leur forme courte, telles que vous les entendez.
- Mots longs — placez bien l’accent: semiconductor /ˌsɛmikənˈdʌktə/, insulator /ˈɪn.s(j)ə.leɪ.tə(ɹ)/, technological /ˌtɛk.nəˈlɑ.dʒɪ.kəl/
Les sons difficiles pour les francophones :
- /tʃ/ et /dʒ/ — à ne pas adoucir en « ch » et « j »: cheaply /ˈt͡ʃiːpli/, module /ˈmɑd͡ʒul/, technological /ˌtɛk.nəˈlɑ.dʒɪ.kəl/
- /r/ anglais — langue recourbée, sans frotter la gorge: transistor /tɹænˈzɪs.tɚ/, insulator /ˈɪn.s(j)ə.leɪ.tə(ɹ)/, interact /ɪn.təˈɹækt/
Comment s’entraîner avec cette vidéo
- Écoutez la vidéo en entier une fois sans parler et notez les mots que vous ne connaissez pas.
- Répétez phrase par phrase à vitesse normale, en reprenant chacune jusqu’à ce que votre rythme corresponde à celui du locuteur.
- Enregistrez-vous et comparez avec l’original, en faisant attention à des mots comme semiconductor, transistor, insulator.
Qu'est-ce que la technique du Shadowing ?
Le Shadowing est une technique d'apprentissage des langues fondée sur la science, développée à l'origine pour la formation des interprètes professionnels. Le principe est simple mais puissant : vous écoutez de l'anglais natif et le répétez immédiatement à voix haute — comme une ombre suivant le locuteur avec un décalage de 1 à 2 secondes. Les recherches montrent une amélioration significative de la précision de la prononciation, de l'intonation, du rythme, des liaisons, de la compréhension orale et de la fluidité.