シャドーイング練習: 5 Claude Code skills I use every single day - 動画で英語スピーキングを学ぶ

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I've been an engineer for nearly a decade and in all of that time, right now, process has never been more important.

At your fingertips now, you have access to a fleet of middling to good engineers that you can deploy at any time.

But the weird thing about these engineers is they have no memory, they do not remember things they've done before,

and so you need extremely strict and well-defined processes to get those agents to actually do things that are useful.

So this means that you as a developer are looking constantly for ways to steer your agents, to keep them on the right track.

And for me that has resulted in a lot of skill building.

Here is the repo of all the skills that I'm using right now, each of which I have gone through and designed.

Some of these I use relatively rarely, but some of them I use every single day.

And these skills help me encode my process so

that AI has a really strict path it can walk down every single time.

And as a result of using all of these skills, the code quality that the AI is producing has shot up.

Now if you think that process is important and

that real engineering skills are important then boy do I have a course for you.

This course is called Claude Code for Real Engineers.

It's a two week cohort that starts on March 30th and for seven more days it is 40% off.

If you feel like you're behind the curve on Claude Code

and you want to get way ahead of the curve in just two weeks then blimey this is the place for you.

But let's start talking about our skills with number one which is maybe my favourite.

This This is the grill me skill.

This skill, yes, it is just three sentences long.

And let's just read it out in full to describe what it does.

Interview me relentlessly about every aspect of this plan until we reach a shared understanding.

Walk down each branch of the design tree, resolving dependencies between decisions one by one.

And finally, if a question can be answered by exploring the codebase, explore the codebase instead.

The concept of a design tree comes from this book by Frederick P.

Brooks, which is the design of design.

Actually, I don't know if it comes from this book, but this book is where I saw it first.

The design tree is this idea

that as you're coming towards a design you need to walk down all of the branches of a design tree.

For instance, you might be designing a search page

and you need to decide whether you want an advanced search or a text box.

If you choose advanced search then you need to figure out all of the filters

and all of the sorting methods that you need on advanced search.

And you keep on walking down the tree until you figure out your design kind of in full

or as full as you can before actually committing to code.

This grill me skill, when I invoke it, I invoke it when I want to reach a shared understanding with the LLM.

I found that relatively recently Claude Code will tend to just spit out a plan really early

when I go in plan mode, and it tends to just create a document before I feel I've reached a shared understanding with the LLM.

But the grill me skill forces that conversation, it forces the LLM to interview me about every single part.

Here's a conversation I had with Claude recently about adding a feature to my course video editor codebase.

I gave it some research that I'd done in a markdown file and I said grill me, I'd like to think about adding this to the right page.

It loaded up the skill and the thing I want to show you is just how many questions it asked me.

So the first thing it did is it just explored the relevant stuff in the codebase, which is good.

And we zoom down, we can see it asks question 1, where does the document live?

Question 2, what's the UI layout?

Question 3, which modes get the document panel?

Question 4, the document lifecycle?

Question 5, what does the write document tool look like?

Question 6, the edit tool shape?

7, question all the way down to question 9, question 10, question 11, question 12, all the way down to question freaking 16 here.

And this is a relatively short grilling session in my book.

I've had sessions where I've sat there for nearly half an hour, 45 minutes with the AI answering questions on really complex features.

You know, that could be 30, 40, 50 questions, all from this absolutely tiny skill.

That's one thing I want you to take from this.

Skills don't have to be long to be impactful.

You've just got to choose the right words for the LLM at the right time

and this design tree resolving dependencies has just been absolutely great for me.

By the way, if you want these skills then they will be at a link below.

Once I have reached a shared understanding with the LLM, once I have grilled my idea and sort of understood all of its ramifications,

if I then decide I want to implement it then I invoke my next skill which is a write a PRD skill.

I actually did this in the conversation we were just looking at.

So it said anything I've missed or got wrong and I said write a PRD.

I was suffixing it with user because I have some

that sort of live in the project so that's the reason why I did that.

Here's what the skill looks like.

This will be invoked when the user wants to create a PRD.

You may skip steps if you don't consider them necessary.

So for instance in the previous conversation it said we've already done a deep interview let's move to step four.

So step one is to ask the user for a long detailed description.

Number two is to explore the repo to verify their assertions.

Number three is basically to interview the user relentlessly.

So just a copy of the grill me skill again.

Next we sketch out the major modules you will need to build or modify to complete the implementation.

We're going to look at this later

because it links to skills I'm going to show you in a bit in this video.

And finally once you have a complete understanding of the problem and the solution, use the template below to write the PRD and the PRD should be submitted as a GitHub issue.

The way that my dev flow works is I take these PRDs in GitHub.

I turn them into more GitHub issues that reference the parent PRD.

And then I have a Ralph loop that just loops over each issue until it's done.

If we go back to the conversation where we were before, we can see that it created this PRD here.

This was four days ago, as you can see.

We've got a problem statement.

The article writing page currently regenerates the entire document on every AI interaction.

And the solution was to add a split pane document editing experience to the article writer.

Chat stays on the left, a new document plan, blah, blah, blah.

So this is a big feature.

We're adding document editing to a kind of AI chat feature.

The important thing here is the user stories.

There are many, many user stories as part of this.

And this comes from Agile methodology.

And we're basically trying to describe the kind of desired behavior of our system in language, which is not an easy thing to do.

I still haven't properly like landed on the right format for these.

This is just something I sort of like.

But you could easily use like Cucumber Language for these or whatever you're kind of used to do, used to working with.

We then zoom down to the bottom and we just sort of pass in some implementation decisions.

The implementation decisions here, we don't want to be like over prescriptive because we want these to be durable.

Because if the code ends up getting out of date with the PRD, then we're going to have issues when we actually go to implement it.

But you can see the theory here.

This is the kind of, it's a really good description of the destination that we're going to.

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But what we don't have from the PRD is the actual journey, is the way we're going to get to this destination.

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And if we leap back to that conversation, this is where I use my next one, which is PRD to issues.

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What this does is it takes a PRD, takes the destination, and it turns it into a Kanban board of different issues that can be independently grabbed.

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So the first step in here is it locates the PRD.

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If the PRD is not already in your context window, fetch it with this instruction.

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Explore the code base if you need to.

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And then, oh, oh, oh, oh, draft vertical slices.

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It's not always clear how you should break a PRD down into individual tasks.

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This is something that developers have been doing for Yonks, right?

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And we've developed a kind of intuition for how to do it.

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In my opinion, the best way to do it is to break it into tasks

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that flush out the unknown unknowns really quickly.

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For instance, if you're integrating with a new kind of service or integrating two things which you haven't integrated before,

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then you should do that work first because it's going to give you feedback on whether your approach is even valid.

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The right analogy here is the tracer bullet analogy.

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I won't go into what that means but basically each issue is a thin vertical slice that cuts through all integration layers, not a horizontal slice of one layer.

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In the conversation it broke down that really complicated PRD into just four slices.

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It first created a kind of engine with some tests applied to it.

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This is actually quite a good vertical slice because this was the engine

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that was going to then power the rest of the setup.

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If this engine wasn't working for whatever reason or it wasn't feasible then we would need to flush that out quickly.

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And this is what this breakdown does.

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The PRD2 issues also establishes blocking relationships between the tasks.

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For instance, number 2 here is not actually blocked by anything, so it can be picked up independently to 1.

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This is really useful if you have a parallel agent setup where you can actually fire two agents at it at once, for instance in background tasks.

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And it also means that in the future you can add other issues to this, like QA issues that you find or things that need to be improved,

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and you can then establish blocking relationships between that and all the other things.

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We can see that number three here is blocked by 1, the editing engine, and the number 4, the Monaco editor toggle, is blocked by number 2.

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So I said yes to all of these and it created then all of these GitHub issues.

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These issues reference the parent PRD so that the local agent can fetch it and view it.

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And it sort of just breaks down what to build really.

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And crucially, it references the previous user stories in the PRD.

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We can then see a comment actually from ClaudeCode that ended up implementing this.

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It's a pure function document editing engine with 28 tests covering all acceptance criteria.

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And we can then take a look at the commit that references this issue.

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So this was basically my Ralph loop came and just implemented this based on the issue, commented on it, closed it, and then the next issue was unblocked.

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So so far the grill me skill can help you flesh out an idea, the writer PRD skill can help you take that idea and turn it into a document,

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and then the PRD to issue skill helps you then turn that destination document into an actual journey.

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But then how do you actually execute on that skill?

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How do you make it like, how do you make the implementation really rock solid and increase the code quality of what gets produced?

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We have got a TDD skill.

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TDD means Test Driven Development.

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And when you invoke this skill, it basically forces the agent, or encourages the agent rather, to follow a red-green refactor loop.

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Unusually for my skills, there is actually a lot in here.

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So it's not just the skill itself, it's also ideas on refactoring, on mocking, on what deep modules are.

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Doing really, really good TDD has been the most consistent way that I've improved agents' outputs.

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So let's have a look at what's actually in here.

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What we can see is, I'll just skip over the philosophy stuff, I'll let you guys read that.

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We are basically looking at this workflow.

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Now the first one here is really important.

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Confirm with the user what interface changes are needed.

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Now I made a video on interfaces and implementations recently, but let me just give you the pricing.

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When an AI looks at a bad codebase it will look at

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or it will see something like this where it has a ton of tiny modules here that are kind of undifferentiated.

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They're not really grouped together, it doesn't really understand how these things relate.

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And so it has to do a lot of work kind of working out, okay what's responsible for what, what are the dependencies, how does this actually, how does the codebase even function.

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Whereas if you restructure this into several larger modules with just kind of thin interfaces on top,

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the interface being the functions that are actually exported from this, the things that the callers actually call, then it's a lot easier for AI to navigate this codebase

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and it's a lot easier to work out how to test these modules.

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Because you just test them at their interfaces, you test them at their boundaries.

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You can check out the whole video on that below.

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So what this TDD skill is encouraging here is basically trying

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to make these interface changes really top of mind for the AI.

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To get it to understand that when it changes an interface that's an important decision it needs to take time over.

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You confirm with the user which behaviours to test.

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You design the interfaces for testability, linking to a dock.

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And then we have some more stuff around planning here.

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It then goes into a lovely loop where it writes one test at a time.

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And it writes the test first.

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Now I've talked about red green refactor before so I'll link the video below if you're interested.

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But I've found that red green refactor with agents is incredible.

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And it basically does this loop until it's complete.

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It just writes a the failing test, then writes the code to make that test pass.

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And finally it goes through and looks for refactor candidates.

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I haven't found that this is amazing, it hasn't been brilliant, because often LLMs are quite reluctant to refactor their own code.

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If you were to clear the context of the LLM then it would wipe its own memory

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and it would be a lot less precious about the code that it's just written.

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But while its own code is sitting in its own context window, it's quite reluctant to change it.

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is what I prompt my RALF loops with in order to get them to do red-green refactor.

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Now, TDD demands a lot of you, or rather it demands a lot of your codebase.

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TDD is really hard to do in a badly structured codebase, because the test boundaries of this are really unclear.

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Should it just sort of test these modules on their own?

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Should it test these modules on their own?

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What are the boundaries here?

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Whereas when your codebase looks more like this, then it's a lot easier to test because the module boundaries are really clear.

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So wouldn't it be great if there was a skill that made your codebase look more like this?

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Well isn't it nice?

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We've got an improved codebase architecture skill.

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The process for this one is that we explore the codebase and explore it naturally as an agent would.

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We're trying to find confusions.

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We're not like… we're trying to surface naturally what the AI finds confusing so that it can then help it out later.

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Where does understanding one concept require bouncing around between many small files?

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Where have pure functions been extracted just for testability but the real bugs hide in how they're called?

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Where do tightly coupled modules create integration risk in the seams between them?

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All of these are questions that a senior engineer would be asking about your codebase.

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Number two is you present candidates, so you present a numbered list of deepening opportunities.

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In other words, opportunities to deepen shallow modules in your codebase into deeper ones.

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The user then picks a candidate and then you design multiple interfaces, so it says to spawn three sub-agents in parallel,

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each of which must produce a radically different interface for the Deepen module.

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In other words, we're extracting that code and designing possible ways that it could look in the future.

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Designing it in multiple different ways is a really great way that you can then decide on the right idea.

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I've seen this agent spawn like five different sub-agents for a really big refactor.

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The coolest thing about this is you don't need to know a lot about interface design in order to get this working.

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After comparing, give them your recommendation which design you think is strongest and why.

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And if elements from different designs would combine well, then propose a hybrid.

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Notice that I've made this really language agnostic, really kind of sort of everything agnostic, really.

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You can just run this in any code base and just get a decent answer for how it could be improved.

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There might be four or five candidates that really could use some work, but really I think you should only be sort of doing one of these at a time because

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They really are quite hard to get your head around

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and they require a human in the loop to sit with them

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and improve the code base because these decisions do require taste.

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Finally it creates a GitHub issue.

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So it creates a refactor RFC as a GitHub issue using ghissue create.

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Usually once this is done I will then go with my prd2issues skill, reference that GitHub issue that's just been created and get it to, you know, this describes the destination.

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We then need a journey to get there.

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So just doing this every so often in a codebase, once a week, just to identify opportunities.

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Or if you have a sudden surge of development and you create a whole extra wing of features,

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then this skill will be really useful in just making sure it conforms to the rest of the codebase, making sure that it's not too sloppy.

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And as you keep running this, as you keep refining your codebase, you're going to notice the quality of the agent's output goes up.

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Because the old adage really does apply.

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If you have a garbage codebase then the AI is going to produce garbage within that codebase.

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Because to be honest if you took all of these skills

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and just said okay this is like a little mini markdown

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book of processes for humans then it wouldn't look out of place.

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I've found that the most successful way to get code quality up from agents is just to treat them like humans.

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Humans with weird constraints, sure, humans that have no memory and are just sort of cloned come out of the birthing pod and go right to work.

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But if you, like me, think these real engineering skills are super important, then this course is absolutely for you.

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What I noticed while I was creating the course is that I'm really not teaching clawed code that much.

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I'm teaching kind of what our sub-agents, I'm talking about the constraints of LLMs, the sort of weird smart zone, dumb zone stuff with the context window.

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We're talking about steering, which is essentially just a way of documenting stuff inside your codebase.

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How to tackle massive tasks, understanding tracer bullets and building those into our skills.

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Understanding how to build really great feedback loops and doing exercises with them, and crucially how to hook these up to an autonomous agent.

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Every part of this course just sort of like leads onto the other and I'm super happy with how it turned out.

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So over the course of two weeks you'll be working through

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that self-paced material with me as your guide in Discord and on live office hours.

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And if that sounds fun to you then the link is below.

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Thanks for watching folks, I'll be coming back with a lot more stuff this week.

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What would you you like me to cover next?

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I find the intersection between this real engineering and AI is such an awesome place to make content about.

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But anyway, thanks for watching and I'll see you in the next one.

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コンテクストと背景

この動画では、エンジニアとしての経験を持つ講師が、日常的に使用している5つのClaude Codeスキルについて説明しています。彼は、エンジニアリングのプロセスがますます重要になっていると感じており、AIを使って効率的に作業を進めるための厳格なプロセスを必要としているとのことです。彼の経験から、具体的なスキルを持ち、AIを効果的に活用することが品質向上に寄与することが伝わってきます。

日常コミュニケーションのためのトップ5フレーズ

Interview me relentlessly: 私に対して徹底的に質問をしてください。
Walk down each branch of the design tree: デザインツリーの各ブランチを歩んでください。
Resolve dependencies: 依存関係を解決してください。
Explore the codebase: コードベースを探求してください。
Reach a shared understanding: 共通の理解に達してください。

段階的シャドーイングガイド

この動画の内容を理解し、自分の英語を向上させるためには、以下のステップでシャドーイングを行うことをおすすめします。まず、英語スピーキング練習をするための準備として、動画を数回視聴し、内容を把握しましょう。

聞く: 動画を再生し、講師の発音やイントネーションに注目します。
シャドーイング: 動画の音声が流れている間に、講師の言葉を声に出して繰り返します。最初はフレーズ単位で行い、徐々に流れで続けられるようにします。
録音: 自分の声を録音し、講師の発音と比較します。特に英語の発音を良くするために音の違いを意識しましょう。
フィードバック: 自分の発音やリズムを改善するポイントを見つけ出し、次回のシャドーイングに活かします。

このプロセスを繰り返すことで、shadow speechのスキルが向上し、shadow speakの質も高まるでしょう。継続することで、自信を持って英語を話せるようになります。

この動画の文法

話し手がよく使っている文型を、動画の実際の表現とともに紹介します。

文型	動画での表現
条件文 if + 節, will/would + 動詞 — 条件とその結果	if elements from different designs would combine
現在完了形 have/has + 過去分詞 — 過去の出来事が今も関係している	I've been · they've done · has resulted
受動態 be + 過去分詞 — 誰がするかより、何が起きるかに焦点を当てる	is called · can be answered · will be invoked
関係詞節 who / which + 節 — 人や物について情報を加える	one which is · Brooks, which is · codebase, which is

シャドーイングとは？英語上達に効果的な理由

シャドーイング（Shadowing）は、もともとプロの通訳者養成プログラムで開発された言語学習法で、多言語習得者として知られるDr. Alexander Arguelles によって広く普及されました。方法はシンプルですが非常に効果的：ネイティブスピーカーの英語を聞きながら、1〜2秒の遅延で声に出してすぐに繰り返す——まるで「影（shadow）」のように話者を追いかけます。文法ドリルや受動的なリスニングと異なり、シャドーイングは脳と口の筋肉が同時にリアルタイムで英語を処理・再現することを強制します。研究により、発音精度、抑揚、リズム、連音、リスニング力、そして会話の流暢さが大幅に向上することが確認されています。IELTSスピーキング対策や自然な英語コミュニケーションを目指す方に特におすすめです。

シャドーイングのやり方: ステップ別の完全ガイドを読む →

シャドーイング練習: 5 Claude Code skills I use every single day - 動画で英語スピーキングを学ぶ

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コンテクストと背景

日常コミュニケーションのためのトップ5フレーズ

段階的シャドーイングガイド

この動画の文法

シャドーイングとは？英語上達に効果的な理由