シャドーイング練習: Introduction to Housing - City Beautiful Basics - YouTubeで英語スピーキングを学ぶ
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When I was a kid,
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When I was a kid,
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I learned that the three things a human needed were food, clothing, and shelter.
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Shelter, or housing, is still as essential as ever.
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Yet we seem to have a hard time providing enough high-quality affordable housing to everyone who needs it.
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We have people who sleep on the streets without it,
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and people who live with their parents unable to afford their own.
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This video will discuss several important facets on the topic of housing.
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We'll touch on home ownership, housing affordability, and homelessness.
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Let's get started after the bike bell.
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Let's start by talking about homeownership.
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The United States is currently a nation of homeowners.
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About 65% of households own the home they currently live in.
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That figure isn't true everywhere.
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College towns often have higher rates of renting than owning due to all the student rentals.
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But in general, more households own than rent.
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This is in part due to cultural reasons.
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Our country has attributed certain values to homeownership,
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like stability and family, but also for more practical ones.
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Once a household pays off their home loan,
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they don't have to pay for that housing anymore,
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same for taxes and insurance.
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That's a nice benefit.
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They also don't have a landlord telling them they can't paint their walls.
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Finally, homeownership is the primary form of wealth accumulation in the United States.
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For many, homes are an investment.
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Renting has its perks too.
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You won't be burdened by expensive repairs to your home,
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as your landlord has to take care of that.
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And it makes your housing situation more flexible if you need to move frequently.
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and owners tend to have different needs, interests, and demographics.
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Homeowners are disproportionately wealthy and white.
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And because there are more homeowners in the US,
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they tend to have a lot more political power locally.
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This is part of the reason communities across the United States are dealing with the Not-In-My-Backyard movement, or NIMBYism.
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Homeowners are concerned about their property values,
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and it's such an important form of wealth accumulation,
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they're nervous about any change to their neighborhood that could lower their property values.
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Now, this is not true for all homeowners everywhere,
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but I need to bring this up as nimbyism is an extremely powerful movement in local government.
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Renters, on the other hand,
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tend to be lower income, more diverse, and younger.
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Their needs aren't always given the same consideration as homeowners.
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This is even true at the level of federal housing policy.
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In the United States, we have federal government policies that assist people with both owning and renting,
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though it's generally a better deal to be a homeowner.
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That's because the federal government offers the mortgage interest deduction.
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This allows homeowners to deduct the amount they pay on mortgage interest from their taxable income,
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which means they pay less in taxes.
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It's really a very good deal,
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and that means that the government forgoes billions of dollars every year,
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essentially a giveaway to homeowners.
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There is no such thing as a rent deduction for renters.
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Low-income renters have a few programs aimed at them,
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and the most important are housing choice vouchers.
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These are sometimes known by their old name Section 8 vouchers.
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Very low-income households can apply for them,
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and they provide additional money to help pay for the rent on a home.
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Households still have to pay 30% of their income toward rent.
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This program has helped millions of households find housing,
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and the waiting list for this program can get very long.
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They're getting even longer these days because housing is increasingly unaffordable.
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Not too long ago, this was a crisis that only existed in major cities,
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particularly those in coastal cities.
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Today, it's spreading all over the map.
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Even those who can afford a house find it challenging to manage the payments.
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In my home state of California,
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4 in 10 households live in unaffordable housing.
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This means that those households are spending more than 30% of their income on their place.
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It's even worse for renters when compared to owners.
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More than half of renter households paid over 30% of their income toward housing in 2017.
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And more than a quarter of renters paid over half their incomes toward housing,
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a position the Department of Housing and Urban Development considers severely cost-burdened.
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How did U.S cities get into this crisis?
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Well, like many issues facing local governments,
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the answer is complicated and multifaceted.
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Some of the causes are structural or at the nationwide level,
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out of the reach of local policy intervention.
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This includes wages that have not grown as fast as housing costs have,
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increasing the affordability gap.
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But there are things governments can do to get out of the crisis,
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because sometimes the crisis is due in part to local policy decisions.
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Right now, there's simply not enough new housing being constructed in the United States to keep with population growth and urbanization,
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the process of people moving into urban areas.
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There are a few reasons for this.
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First, people may not want to live next to more housing or higher density housing.
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In many cities, upwards of 90% of the land area is zoned for single-family homes.
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Zoning is the practice of assigning land uses and intensities to parcels in a city.
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Most land in cities is meant for the exclusive production of single-family homes.
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This is not an efficient use of land,
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as we see more people moving to cities.
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And residents of these Most of these single family neighborhoods often
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do not want to see their zoning change to allow for more housing nearby.
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This is due in part to something I mentioned earlier in the video, property values.
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Residents worry that increasing the zoning intensity and housing nearby will have a negative impact on their property values,
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harming their long-term investment.
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That said, cities
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and states across the US are making strides to allow for the construction of more market rate and affordable housing.
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There's no easy answer, and most communities are using a variety of approaches to attack the problem from all sides.
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Here are a few key strategies.
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The first is allowing accessory dwelling in as an area zoned for single-family housing.
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These are small, attached or detached homes on the same property as a primary residence.
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These ADUs can be affordable housing,
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particularly because they're small, and can provide an additional revenue source for the family living in the primary residence.
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If ADUs, as they're known,
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are built throughout all the land zoned for single-family,
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it can significantly increase the number of available housing units.
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The best thing about these new small homes is they really don't change the character of the neighborhoods.
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They're often out of sight in backyards,
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and most neighborhoods have sufficient curbside parking to accommodate the new residents.
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On a similar topic, cities can encourage the construction of missing middle housing.
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Missing middle housing is called that because it's housing bigger than an apartment
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but smaller than a full-size house and is often not built at all in US cities.
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ADUs are one example of missing middle housing,
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but so too are duplexes, triplexes, fourplexes, and townhomes.
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Families today come in all different sizes,
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and having a wide variety of housing types ensures the right fit for everyone.
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If you're a single person living alone,
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a 2,000 square foot single family house may may not be appealing,
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but you might buy it anyway because you want to build equity and take advantage of those wealthy accumulation benefits,
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even if you hate the idea of mowing a lawn.
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You might have purchased a townhouse instead with a modest patio out back if that had been an option.
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And as a bonus, townhomes and other missing middle housing are a more efficient use of land,
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allowing more people to live closer to jobs,
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schools, parks, and other amenities.
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To make missing middle housing happen,
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we have to zone more land for higher density housing,
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lower parking requirements, and possibly incentivize construction.
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There's one last strategy I want to mention in this video,
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and I want to be clear again that there are so many strategies that I can't mention them all,
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like allowing sneakers to stay or apartment buildings,
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allowing owners to split their lots,
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funding public housing programs, and more.
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But the last thing I wanted to mention was mixed-use housing.
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This means zoning more land in our cities for housing to coexist with shops,
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restaurants, dentist offices, and other compatible uses.
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This often looks like an apartment building like this.
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Commercial uses on the ground floor,
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and a few floors of housing above.
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This allows people to walk more to their daily destinations,
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which can reduce emissions and traffic.
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Many cities have areas zoned for mixed use,
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but they're only found in the central business districts or near high frequency transit stations.
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Expanding mixed use zones allows for more housing construction and helps create pleasant walkable neighborhoods.
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Cities need to encourage the construction of more housing as soon as possible
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because people in poverty are experiencing the worst of its effects,
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and many are becoming homeless.
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It's a myth that all homeless people are addicted to a substance or mentally ill.
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Increasingly, it's people who can't find housing they can afford.
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This can be due to an eviction,
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rising rents, family strife, or some other reason.
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Some of the homelessness is invisible to us,
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the person sleeping in their car,
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or couch surfing between friends and relatives.
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What can be done?
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Well, the first one is obvious, build more affordable housing.
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More available housing will likely lower rents,
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making housing more attainable to low-income people.
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One of the most cost-effective ways of addressing homelessness is helping those people who are housing insecure.
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Now, these are people paying a majority of their income on rent,
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experiencing overcrowding or can't make rent on a regular basis.
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One of the most important things we can do for this
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group is expand the Housing Choice Voucher program I mentioned earlier in the video.
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It would help people receive a reliable source of rental assistance.
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This program works well, but is underfunded for the need,
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particularly in this crisis.
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Back in 2013, only 26% of eligible households received assistance,
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and this is likely worse today.
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Of course, communities should have homeless shelters to temporarily house those experiencing homelessness.
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But shelters are a short-term solution,
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and communities should develop pathways to get people in stable, longer-term housing.
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This can include transitional housing,
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a halfway step between a short-term shelter and permanent, affordable housing.
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People experiencing domestic violence or mental illness may need separate transitional housing to support their particular needs.
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Thank you.
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このビデオで話す練習をする理由
このビデオは、アメリカにおける住宅の所有、賃貸、ホームレス問題についての重要なテーマを扱っています。この内容は、特に社会問題に対する理解を深めるために役立ちます。英語を学ぶ際に、実際の生活に密接に関連したトピックを通じて話す練習をすることは非常に重要です。このビデオでは、アメリカの住宅事情を知ることで、話す内容が豊かになり、英語スキルが向上します。このようなリアルな内容を使って英語シャドーイングを行うことで、リスニングとスピーキング能力が同時に鍛えられます。
文法と表現の文脈
- 所有の文化的価値:「私たちの国は、所有に特定の価値を置いてきました」という表現は、当たり前のように使用されがちな文化的概念を示しています。この文脈で「place value」という表現を学ぶことができます。
- 条件節:「もしあなたが頻繁に引っ越す必要があれば」という文には条件節が含まれています。これは、話し手が状況に応じた選択肢を提供する際に便利です。
- 対比の表現:「所有者と賃貸者のニーズは異なる」という対比を示すことで、相対的な理解を深めることができます。こうした構文は、議論を明確にするための重要な表現です。
一般的な発音のトラップ
ビデオ内のいくつかの単語やフレーズは、特に発音が難しいものがあります。「homeownership」や「NIMBYism」などの専門用語は、最初は複雑に感じるかもしれません。これらの言葉を繰り返し練習することで、発音を改善し、流暢さを増すことができます。
また、アメリカ英語の特有のアクセントにも注意が必要です。「affordability」や「community」などの単語は、強弱が異なるため、意識することで正確に発音できるようになります。これらの発音練習は、IELTS スピーキング対策にも役立ちます。
このビデオを通して、具体的な社会問題に取り組むことで、自分の意見を英語で表現する機会を増やし、スピーキングスキルを向上させましょう。ぜひ、ビデオを何度も視聴して、shadow speechのテクニックを活用してください！
シャドーイングとは？英語上達に効果的な理由
シャドーイング（Shadowing）は、もともとプロの通訳者養成プログラムで開発された言語学習法で、多言語習得者として知られるDr. Alexander Arguelles によって広く普及されました。方法はシンプルですが非常に効果的：ネイティブスピーカーの英語を聞きながら、1〜2秒の遅延で声に出してすぐに繰り返す——まるで「影（shadow）」のように話者を追いかけます。文法ドリルや受動的なリスニングと異なり、シャドーイングは脳と口の筋肉が同時にリアルタイムで英語を処理・再現することを強制します。研究により、発音精度、抑揚、リズム、連音、リスニング力、そして会話の流暢さが大幅に向上することが確認されています。IELTSスピーキング対策や自然な英語コミュニケーションを目指す方に特におすすめです。