シャドーイング練習: Star Myths: The Stories of the Constellations - 動画で英語スピーキングを学ぶ
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The constellations.
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Images in the night sky our ancestors drew among the stars.
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They were used for navigation, fortune-telling, and storytelling.
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Different cultures had their own constellations, but our modern ones, for the most part, come from the ancient Greeks.
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They believed the constellations were reminders of their great myths placed there by the gods.
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Ptolemy, a Greco-Roman astronomer named 48 constellations in his seminal work, the Almagest.
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In modern times, the International Astronomical Union recognizes a total of 88 constellations.
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In this video, I want to tell the stories these constellations express.
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We're not going to go over every one.
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We'll focus on Ptolemy's 48, and we won't cover all of those either.
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You see, not every constellation has its own unique story, and many groups of constellations work together to tell larger stories.
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And knowing these stories can help you remember the constellations better and relate to the stars in a more meaningful way.
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This video is brought to you by my Patreon.
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If you'd like to support me and what I do, or if you'd like the perks that come from being a patron, go to patreon.com slash generalistpapers,
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or click the link in the description to join.
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Thanks very much, and now back to the video.
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We'll start off with the myth of Perseus.
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Perseus was a demigod, a son of Zeus, and one of the most celebrated Greek heroes.
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His constellation is best seen on nights in December, for the Northern Hemisphere at least.
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Sorry to my friends in the Southern Hemisphere, but I'll be discussing viewing these constellations from a northern perspective.
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Perseus was most famous for slaying the snake-haired Medusa.
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Perseus, while expertly avoiding her petrifying gaze, decapitated her, and from her blood sprang Pegasus.
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Pegasus was a winged horse and son of the sea god Poseidon and Medusa.
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While Perseus, uh, released him by cutting off his mother's head, he did not in fact tame the horse,
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as is seen in some modern adaptations of the myth.
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Pegasus was instead tamed by a later hero named Bellerophon.
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The constellation Pegasus is best seen in October.
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Between Pegasus and Perseus in the sky is the constellation Andromeda.
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On his way back from killing Medusa, Perseus came across a terrifying sight.
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The Ethiopian princess Andromeda tied to a rock, waiting to be eaten by the sea monster Cetus.
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Perseus then killed the monster and rescued the princess, who he eventually married.
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Andromeda and Cetus are best seen in November, though luckily for Andromeda, they are not in the same patch of sky.
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The next two constellations are Cassiopeia and Cepheus.
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They were the queen and king of Ethiopia, respectively, and also mother and father to Princess Andromeda.
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You see, Cassiopeia had bragged that her daughter was even more beautiful than the Nereids.
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This enraged the sea nymphs, as well as Poseidon, who sent Cetus to destroy Ethiopia,
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unless Andromeda was sacrificed to the monster.
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Cepheus, reluctant but pressured by his subjects who very much did not want to be destroyed by a giant sea monster,
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agreed to sacrifice his daughter.
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And it was then that Perseus saved Andromeda and defeated Cetus, winning Andromeda's hand in marriage.
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Cassiopeia is one of the easiest constellations to see and identify.
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Like Andromeda and Cetus, she is best seen in November.
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Look for her five brightest stars that create a W or M shape.
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Cepheus is just west of his wife, assuming she is in her M formation.
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So those are the six constellations as part of the Perseus myth.
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Perseus himself, Andromeda, Cassiopeia, Cepheus, Cetus, and Pegasus.
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Next we have the story with the most constellations in it, the myth of Hercules.
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Hercules was the greatest and most celebrated of all the Greek heroes.
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He, like Perseus, was a son of Zeus.
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He's most famous for his twelve labors, the twelve labors of Hercules, tasks given to him by the king Eurystheus.
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Some of these labors are represented in the constellations.
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First we have Hercules himself.
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As I said, he was the son of Zeus and a mortal woman named Alcmeni.
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Hera, the queen of the gods, was rightfully angry at Zeus' constant infidelity,
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and took out her frustration not on Zeus, but on his son.
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Therefore, Hercules's life was constantly threatened and made difficult by an angry Hera.
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The Hercules constellation is best seen in the summer, in July.
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Now we move to the Twelve Labors.
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For context, Hercules had married a woman named Megara and had two children with her.
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Hera, who just couldn't let go of a grudge, made Hercules lose his mind, and in a state of temporary insanity,
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Hercules killed his wife and children.
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Terrified and distraught at what he had done, Hercules prayed to Apollo, the god of prophecy,
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and the Oracle of Delphi told Hercules to work for King Eurystheus for 12 years as punishment for his crimes.
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So, we come to the first labor, to slay the Nemean lion.
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It is represented by the constellation Leo, our first of the 12 zodiac constellations.
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Around the town of Nemea, there was a lion terrorizing the countryside.
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Many tried to slay it, but his coat was as hard as bronze, and no sword or arrow could pierce it.
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Hercules similarly saw that his arrows did nothing to the beast,
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so he chased it into a cave and there strangled the lion to death with his bare hands.
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Hercules is often depicted wearing a lion's skin, though it's unclear if this was from the Nemean lion.
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Leo is recognizable by this sickle shape in the sky and it's best seen in April.
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Hercules's second task was to slay the Lernian Hydra.
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The Hydra was a bog monster with nine heads and fatal venom.
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Hercules tried to bash the monsters heads with his club but each time one head was smashed, two more grew back in its place.
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To make matters worse, Hera sent a giant crab to nip at Hercules' ankles
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and slow him down so he would be killed by the Hydra.
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The plan failed, as Hercules smashed the crab quite easily.
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Hercules eventually found that he could burn and cauterize the wounds of the Hydra, making it so that no new heads would grow.
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He called upon his nephew Aeolus, who was his companion on this journey, to burn the severed necks after he killed each one.
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Hydra and Cancer, the giant crab, were placed in the sky together by Hera.
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Both are best seen in the spring, around March and April.
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As I said before, not all the labors are remembered in the constellation, so we have to skip a a few to get to our next constellation.
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Hercules' seventh labor was to capture the Cretan bull.
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You see, the king of Crete, Minos, had promised Poseidon he would sacrifice whatever animal Poseidon sent him.
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The sea god sent a huge bull to Crete, but Minos thought it so beautiful that he sacrificed a different animal instead.
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Poseidon was furious at King Minos' broken oath, and made the bull run rampage through the island.
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As further punishment, the sea god made Minos' wife, Pasiphae, fall in love with the bull,
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and from their union, the Minotaur was born, who would later be killed by the Athenian hero Theseus.
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Anyway, Hercules was easily able to capture the bull, and bring it back to King Eurystheus.
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The bull is represented by the constellation Taurus, another of the 12 zodiacs, and can be best seen in January.
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The eleventh labor was to fetch the apples of the Hesperides.
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The apples, nor the tree they grew from, are depicted in the stars, but two events that happened on Hercules' quest for the apples are.
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First Aquila, the eagle, and Sagittah, the arrow.
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So some more background.
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There was once a titan named Prometheus, who was punished by Zeus for stealing fire from the gods and giving it to mankind.
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His punishment was to be tied to a rock and have his liver eaten every day by a giant eagle.
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On the journey to find the garden of the Hesperides, where the golden apples grew, Hercules came across Prometheus tied to his rock.
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Hercules, feeling bad for Prometheus, shot the eagle down with an arrow, and freed Prometheus.
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The Titan was so grateful that he told Hercules how to get to the apples.
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The eagle Aquila and the arrow of Hercules, called Sagittah, were put in the sky by Zeus.
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Both can be seen best in the month of August.
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The quest was not over, however.
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The apples were guarded by the Hesperides, nymphs who were the daughters of the Titan Atlas, the one who holds up the sky,
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and by a hundred-headed dragon named Laidon.
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In one version of the myth, Hercules tricked Atlas into getting the apples for him.
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This version doesn't really mention the dragon as a factor though, so we'll go with the alternate version that sees Hercules killing the dragon and taking the apples himself.
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Adon the dragon is represented by the constellation Draco.
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It can be best seen in July.
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So those are the constellations in the Hercules myth.
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Hercules, Taurus, Leo, Cancer, Hydra, Draco, Aquila, and Sagittah.
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We have two more minor myths to go over now.
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The first is the myth of Jason and the Argonauts, and the second Orion the Hunter.
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Jason himself is not counted amongst the stars, but two of his companions, as well as other parts of his myth, are.
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We'll start with the Argo itself, the famous ship that Jason and his Argonauts sailed to find the Golden Fleece.
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The Golden Fleece was the skin of a golden ram named Chrysamulus.
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It was said to have magic powers of protection, and Jason was sent to fetch the fleece by his uncle,
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King Peleus, to prove Jason was the rightful king of Thessaly.
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The Argo is the largest classical constellation.
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So large, in fact, that it was broken into three distinct constellations.
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Carina, the keel, Pappis, the stern, and Vela, the sails.
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All three can be best seen in March.
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Chrysomelus, the golden ram, is represented by Ares, one of the zodiac signs.
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It can be best seen in December.
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Jason rounded up a crew of heroes to help him on his quest, including Hercules.
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Another two Argonauts were Castor and Pollux, known collectively as the Dioscuri.
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The Dioscuri were actually very popular heroes in ancient Greece, often worshipped as gods.
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Castor was the mortal son of Tyndarius, the king of Sparta, and Leta, his wife.
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Pollux, however, was the son of Zeus and Leta.
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You see, Zeus, ever the promiscuous god, wanted to sleep with Leta, and so he transformed himself into a swan and seduced her.
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But she was already pregnant with her husband's child.
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Therefore, while Castor and Pollux were twins, they were actually only half brothers.
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Yeah, Greek mythology is wild.
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Cygnus the Swan constellation represents Zeus in his swan form, and Gemini represents the Dioscuri.
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Cygnus can be seen in September, and Gemini in February.
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One last constellation in the Jason mythos.
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Jason, before his quest, was tutored by the centaur Chiron, who is the wisest and best of the centaurs.
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He's represented by Sagittarius, one of the zodiac, and he can be best seen in August.
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So those are the constellations that relate to the myths of the Argonauts.
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The Argo, Aries, Gemini, Cygnus, and Sagittarius.
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Orion is one of the most noticeable constellations in the sky, but most don't know his story.
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He was one of the Giants, a race of people in Greek mythology that had great strength, though weren't necessarily of great size.
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He was a renowned hunter, so renowned that Artemis, goddess of the hunt, who did not usually associate with men, enjoyed hunting with him.
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Orion, however, made a mistake, the classic mistake that all Greek heroes make, boasting of his prowess.
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He stated that he was such a great hunter that he would hunt and kill every beast in the world.
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Gaia, mother of all creation, took issue with this statement and so sent a giant scorpion to kill him.
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It succeeded, and Artemis placed Orion in the sky as a constellation, along with Canis Major, his hunting dog,
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and two animals for him to hunt forever, Canis Minor, the fox, and Lepus the hare.
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The scorpion was also placed in the heavens as Scorpius, another of the zodiac.
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Orion and Libus can be best seen in January.
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Look out for these three stars called Orion's Belt.
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Canis Major and Minor can be seen best in February, and Scorpius in July.
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The constellations don't just represent images or tell stories.
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They can connect us with people long past.
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When you have a moment, find a place with little light pollution and do yourself the favor of looking up,
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and realize these same stars have been inspiring us, guiding us, and amazing us for thousands of years.
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Well, that's it for this video.
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If you like it enough, I might do a sequel.
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There are lots of other constellations to go over.
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I mean, I didn't even talk about all 12 zodiacs.
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Do me a favor and hit that like button and subscribe if you haven't.
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Also, if you want to help out the channel, please consider donating to my Patreon.
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The link's in the description.
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Bye.
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このレッスンの語彙とスピーキングのポイント
このB2レベルのスピーキングレッスンは、動画「Star Myths: The Stories of the Constellations」を教材にしています。 繰り返し出てくる語は次のとおりです：constellation, Hercules, Perseus, myth, Zeus。 この動画には、シャドーイング用の文が163文、単語が2234語あります。 音声の長さは15:23です。 話す速さは1分あたり約145語で安定しており、シャドーイングしやすいペースです。 英語の頻出3,000語に含まれる単語は73%だけなので、語彙は難しめです。
この動画の重要語彙
動画の中で特に難しい単語15語を、発音と意味つきで紹介します。
| 単語 | 発音 | 意味 |
|---|---|---|
| constellation 名詞 | /ˌkɑn.stəˈleɪ.ʃən/ | 星群, 星座 |
| myth 名詞 | /mɪθ/ | 迷信 |
| zodiac 名詞 | /ˈzoʊ.diˌæk/ | 黄道帯, ゾディアック |
| arrow 名詞 | /ˈæɹəʊ/ | 矢 |
| slay 動詞 | /sleɪ/ | 殺す |
| eagle 名詞 | /ˈiːɡəl/ | 鷲, 鵰 |
| fleece 名詞 | /fliːs/ | 羊毛 |
| titan 名詞 | /ˈtaɪtən/ | 巨人, タイタン |
| crab 名詞 | /kɹæb/ | カニ, 蟹 |
| swan 名詞 | /swɑn/ | 鵠, 白鳥 |
| centaur 名詞 | /ˈsɛn.tɔɹ/ | ケンタウロス, 人馬 |
| depict 動詞 | /dɪˈpɪkt/ | 描く |
| nymph 名詞 | /ˈnɪmf/ | ニンフ, 妖精 |
| scorpion 名詞 | /ˈskɔɹ.pi.ən/ | 蠍, 蝎 |
| tame 動詞 | /teɪm/ | 飼いならす |
動画に出てくる句動詞
| 単語 | 発音 | 意味 |
|---|---|---|
| cut off 動詞 | /ˌkʌt ˈɔf/ [ˌkɐɾ ˈɔf] | 断つ |
| look up 動詞 | /ˌlʊk ˈʌp/ | 見上げる |
| take out 動詞 | 取り出す |
注意したい発音
話し手はwe'll, don't, you'dなど、短縮形や弱形を16回使っています。聞こえたとおりの短い形で発音しましょう。
- 「th」の音: myth /mɪθ/, mythology /mɪˈθɑ.lə.d͡ʒi/, eleventh /ɪˈlɛv.ənθ/, mythos /ˈmɪθoʊs/, threaten /ˈθɹɛt.n̩/
- 「sh」と「zh」の音: constellation /ˌkɑn.stəˈleɪ.ʃən/, smash /smæʃ/, bash /bæʃ/, punish /ˈpʌnɪʃ/, frustration /fɹʌsˈtɹeɪ.ʃən/
- 長い単語（アクセントの位置に注意）: constellation /ˌkɑn.stəˈleɪ.ʃən/, mythology /mɪˈθɑ.lə.d͡ʒi/, astronomer /əˈstɹɒn.ə.mə/, decapitated /dɪˈkæpɪteɪtəd/, infidelity /ˌɪnfɪˈdɛlɪti/
日本語話者が苦手な音：
- /r/ と /l/ の区別 — /l/ は舌先を歯茎につけ、/r/ はどこにもつけない: mortal /ˈmɔɹ.təl/, rightful /ˈɹaɪtfəl/, rightfully /ˈɹaɪtfəli/, strangle /ˈstɹæŋɡəl/, reluctant /ɹɪˈlʌktənt/
- /v/ — /b/ にならないように、上の歯を下唇に当てる: eleventh /ɪˈlɛv.ənθ/, venom /ˈvɛnəm/, navigation /nævɪˈɡeɪʃən/
- /f/ — 「フ」ではなく、上の歯と下唇で出す: fleece /fliːs/, nymph /ˈnɪmf/, terrify /ˈtɛɹɪfaɪ/, fetch /fɛt͡ʃ/, infidelity /ˌɪnfɪˈdɛlɪti/
この動画での練習方法
- まず声を出さずに動画を最後まで聞き、知らない単語をメモします。
- 通常の速度で一文ずつシャドーイングし、話し手のリズムに合うまで繰り返します。
- 自分の声を録音して元の音声と比べます。constellation, myth, zodiacなどの単語に特に注意しましょう。
シャドーイングとは？英語上達に効果的な理由
シャドーイング（Shadowing）は、もともとプロの通訳者養成プログラムで開発された言語学習法で、多言語習得者として知られるDr. Alexander Arguelles によって広く普及されました。方法はシンプルですが非常に効果的：ネイティブスピーカーの英語を聞きながら、1〜2秒の遅延で声に出してすぐに繰り返す——まるで「影（shadow）」のように話者を追いかけます。文法ドリルや受動的なリスニングと異なり、シャドーイングは脳と口の筋肉が同時にリアルタイムで英語を処理・再現することを強制します。研究により、発音精度、抑揚、リズム、連音、リスニング力、そして会話の流暢さが大幅に向上することが確認されています。IELTSスピーキング対策や自然な英語コミュニケーションを目指す方に特におすすめです。