シャドーイング練習: The Willpower Instinct by Kelly McGonigal (animated book summary) - How Willpower Works - YouTubeで英語スピーキングを学ぶ
B2
Willpower. People who have better control of their attention, emotions and actions, are better off in almost any way you look at it.
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Willpower. People who have better control of their attention, emotions and actions, are better off in almost any way you look at it.
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They are happier in their friendships, their marriage lasts longer, they make more money and go further in their careers.
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With willpower we can accomplish the list of goals we often struggle to get done.
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That might be something like quitting smoking, starting a business or something as simple as cleaning your room.
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Willpower is a general strength that improves everything along with it.
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In fact, willpower is a better predictor of how well you do in school or how successful you are at work, than intelligence.
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If we want to improve our lives, willpower is not a bad place to start.
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It has to be noted that willpower is like a battery.
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When used, it slowly gets depleted.
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You can see that on college campuses, during the final exam period.
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Students fill their heads with facts and formulas, pull all nighters, and push themselves to study hard.
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However studies show that these efforts come at a cost.
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During the final exams, many students seem to lose the capacity to control anything other than their study habits.
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They seem to smoke more cigarettes and have more emotional outbursts.
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They skip showering and rarely make an effort to change clothes.
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Dear god, they even stop flossing.
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People who use their willpower seem to run out of it.
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And that's not all.
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Trying to control your temper, stick to a budget, or refusing that slice of cake, all draw from the same source of strength.
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This means that if you turn down the dessert, you'll be more likely to get angry.
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And if you manage to control your anger, you're more likely to overspend and not stick to your budget.
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Scary. But if willpower is limited, are we doomed to fail at our goals?
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Luckily there are things you can do to overcome your willpower exhaustion and increase your self control.
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Willpower is the highest in the morning and slowly degrades over the course of the day, almost like your phone battery.
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However, if you want your willpower to be full in the morning, you need to get some quality sleep first.
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If you are surviving on less than six hours of sleep a night, there's a good chance you don't even remember what it's like to have your full willpower.
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Being sleep deprived makes you more susceptible to stress, cravings and giving in to temptation.
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So 7 to 9 hours of sleep per night, is what you should be getting to get your willpower fully recharged.
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One of the reasons sleep is critical for self-control, is because your brain requires blood glucose as a fuel.
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Especially the front part of the brain, the prefrontal cortex.
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This brain region has been associated in controlling behavior and decision making.
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When we don't get enough sleep, our prefrontal cortex get sluggish and less responsive.
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It's almost the same as being drunk.
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And if you ever had too much to drink you know you don't make the wisest decisions.
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However, the brain scans showed that when the sleep deprived participants catch a better night’s sleep, they no longer show signs of prefrontal cortex impairment.
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So while lack of sleep can impair the prefrontal cortex, there's a way to actually increase its size and efficiency.
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The answer is slow breathing meditation.
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People who meditate just 10 minutes a day, build gray matter in their prefrontal cortex and after a couple of months their brains look different.
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But why slow breathing?
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The reason is it increases our heart rate variability.
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Heart rate variability is a variation in the time interval between heartbeats.
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To exert self control, the heart rate has to go down, but the variability needs to go up.
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Studies have shown, heart rate variability starts increasing as the breathing rate drops below 12 breaths per minute.
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For best results, you have to slow down breathing to 4 to 6 breaths.
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It's slower than you normally breathe, but it's not too difficult with a little bit of practice.
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Slowing the breath down helps shift the brain and body from a state of stress to relaxed self control mode.
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A few minutes of this technique will make you feel calm, in control, and capable of handling your challenges.
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If you're on a diet it's a good idea to practice slowing down your breath, before you start looking at that slice of cake.
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In one study, where they were experimenting with a new treatment for enhancing self control, two researchers were stunned by their findings.
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While they had hoped for positive results, nobody predicted how effective the treatment's effects would be.
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After just two months of treatment, the participants in the study showed improvements in attention and ability to ignore distractions.
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They also reduced their smoking, drinking and caffeine intake - despite the fact that nobody had asked them to.
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They were eating less junk food and more healthy food.
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They were spending less time watching television and more time studying.
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They were saving money and spending less on impulsive purchases.
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What is this miracle drug and where can I get a prescription?
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The intervention wasn't a drug at all.
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The willpower miracle was physical exercise.
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The participants who never exercised regularly before the intervention, were given free membership to a gym and encouraged to make good use of it.
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They exercised an average of just one time per week for the first month, but were up to three times per week by the end of the two month study.
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The researchers didn't ask them to make any changes in their lives, and yet the exercise program improved self control in ALL aspects of their lives.
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Exercise turns out to be the closest thing to a wonder drug that self control scientists have discovered.
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It also increases heart rate variability, which we talked about earlier.
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If you tell yourself that you are too tired to exercise, start thinking of exercise as something that restores your energy and willpower, not drains it.
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Now let's say you decide to quit smoking.
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Everything is going great for a week or so, but then you suddenly find yourself with a cigarette in your hand.
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Maybe you felt stressed, maybe you just weren't thinking, who knows.
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It's best to be self critical about it, right?
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Feeling guilty that you lit that cigarette, will surely remind you not to do it next time.
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Well the problem is that guilt is driving people back to doing the very thing they want to avoid.
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After all, what do you do when you feel bad?
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You do something that reduces the bad feeling.
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Usually that's the very thing that you want to quit, so it's no wonder alcoholics want another drink, smokers want to light a cigarette and dieters want to eat another slice of cake.
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Remember, everyone is bound to fail sooner or later, so it's important how we respond to this slight setback.
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Rather than telling yourself things like, "Why did I do that again?
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I'm so stupid.
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I'm never going to change." Start talking to yourself in a second person, as if you were talking and giving advice to a good friend.
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Basically say to yourself, "You know what?
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This is the process of change.
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Sometimes we fall off the wagon.
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Everyone is imperfect." So after a willpower failure, it's better to encourage yourself, rather than criticize.
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After all you're only human.
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Are you currently working on improving anything your life?
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Let me know in the comments below and maybe I could help you overcome some problems you might be facing.
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Together we'll become better than yesterday.
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このレッスンについて
このレッスンでは、ケリー・マクゴニガルの「意志力の本質」から得られる重要な概念を学びます。特に、意志力が私たちの生活や目標達成にどのように影響を与えるのかを理解します。意志力は、私たちの日常生活や意思決定において非常に重要な役割を果たし、その機能を向上させるための具体的な方法についても触れます。このセクションでは、英語のリスニングとスピーキングのスキルを向上させるための「シャドーイング」の練習も行います。
重要な語彙とフレーズ
- Willpower（意志力）
- Self-control（自己制御）
- Sleep deprivation（睡眠不足）
- Prefrontal cortex（前頭前皮質）
- Meditation（瞑想）
- Heart rate variability（心拍変動）
- Slow breathing（ゆっくり呼吸）
- Emotional outbursts（感情の爆発）
練習のヒント
この動画のスピードとトーンに合わせてシャドーイングを行う際、重要なのはリズムと発音をしっかりと模倣することです。最初はゆっくりとしたペースで、意志力や自己制御に関するフレーズを練習してみてください。また、心拍変動を意識しながら呼吸を整え、リラックスした状態で練習を行うと効果的です。具体的には、動画の音声に合わせて「英語シャドーイング」を行う際、特に前半部分を自分のペースで繰り返すことをお勧めします。繰り返し練習することで、発音やイントネーションの改善だけでなく、効果的な意志力の使い方についても感覚的に理解できるようになります。
シャドースピークを上達させるためには、毎日の短い練習が鍵です。自信を持って発言できるようになるまで、繰り返し練習してみましょう。
シャドーイングとは？英語上達に効果的な理由
シャドーイング（Shadowing）は、もともとプロの通訳者養成プログラムで開発された言語学習法で、多言語習得者として知られるDr. Alexander Arguelles によって広く普及されました。方法はシンプルですが非常に効果的：ネイティブスピーカーの英語を聞きながら、1〜2秒の遅延で声に出してすぐに繰り返す——まるで「影（shadow）」のように話者を追いかけます。文法ドリルや受動的なリスニングと異なり、シャドーイングは脳と口の筋肉が同時にリアルタイムで英語を処理・再現することを強制します。研究により、発音精度、抑揚、リズム、連音、リスニング力、そして会話の流暢さが大幅に向上することが確認されています。IELTSスピーキング対策や自然な英語コミュニケーションを目指す方に特におすすめです。