シャドーイング練習: What kids know about motivation (and we don't) | Betsy Blackard | TEDxClaremontGraduateUniversity - YouTubeで英語スピーキングを学ぶ

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What if I told you that the best way to motivate a child was to do...nothing Just let them do whatever they feel like doing You don't believe me, do you?
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What if I told you that the best way to motivate a child was to do...nothing Just let them do whatever they feel like doing You don't believe me, do you?
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But after working with children for more than 20 years and completing a PhD in developmental psychology, if there's one thing I know, it's how kids work. And today I'm gonna share with you how children's motivation works like a running leap. So to get started, can I have a volunteer from the audience for a quick demonstration?
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Mena! He's a friend of mine.
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OK All right, Mena so if you would please imagine that you are taking a little nature walk and you come upon a little trickle of a stream.
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How would you get across it to continue your walk?
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Yeah, exactly like that.
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OK great All right, now what if the stream was just a little wider, like maybe like that wide, how would you get across it?
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Great, okay now...scoot back just a little?
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okay now uh what if it was this wide across I'm gonna put it right at your toes what if it was about this wide across can you get across it without getting your feet "wet"?
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Nice, thank you! Yeah.
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Okay, so did anybody notice what he did?
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Any volunteers?
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Jump. Before jumping?
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He backed up! That's right.
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He backed up before taking that running leap!
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And without backing up like that, he wouldn't have been able to make it all the way across, right?
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And you would never mistake backing up like that for like, backing away from a challenge, right?
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Thank you, Mena.
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Okay, well I'm here to suggest that children's motivation works the same way. That children actually approach all of life's challenges the way Mena approached crossing the "stream." The bigger the challenge, the further they need to back up to make sure their running leap is a success.
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Let me share an example.
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One summer I was at the community pool and I saw a little girl, about six or seven standing at the top of a water slide and she was frozen in place.
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Everything in her body language indicated fear and regret.
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She finally turned around and walked back down the stairs.
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Now, because I know about the running leap, this is when I got really interested.
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And you know what she did?
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she walked right over to a toddler splash pad and found a baby slide!
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This thing like barely came up to her waist.
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But she was going down it feet first, and then head first, and then backwards She was having a blast I want you to think for a second about what you might say to a child in a situation like this.
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You might feel like you need to jump in there and motivate that little girl to push through her fears so she can learn that she can do hard things.
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That's definitely what her mom thought!
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She was over there saying things like, "oh, you don't want to play on this!
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It's for babies! Come on, let's go back to the big slide, I know you can do it!" She really wanted her daughter to have that win!
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However, this baby slide business wasn't just for fun.
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The little girl was mastering a smaller challenge first to build her confidence.
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And she knew exactly how many steps she needed to take to get that running leap toward the big slide.
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So she quietly ignored her mom and continued to show that baby slide who was boss!
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And before long, She made her way back over to the big slide and slid right into the deep end all on her own.
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Now if you didn't know about the running leap, you might think that the only reason she ever went back to that big slide was because of her mom's persuading.
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But as a caregiver, this is an exhausting belief!
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Like, what a massive burden to have to constantly be the child's motivation.
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Luckily, once you know about the running leap, you can sit back and look for all the ways their motivation is already there.
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Like with this little girl, the whole time she was on the baby slide, she was stealing glances over at that big slide.
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Her inner motivation was right there in plain sight, if you just knew how to look for it.
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So, whenever it looks like a child is backing away from a challenge, see if you can figure out how they're actually backing up to take a running leap.
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Not only will this help with your fear that they're turning into some kind of anxiety-ridden, responsibility-dodging slacker, it will also help you trust their process so that you can let go and stay curious.
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And then you really can do nothing and feel great about it.
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I promise as much as it may sometimes seem like it, kids aren't dumb!
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They won't jump if they think they're gonna land right in the middle of the street.
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Instead, they back up by seeking experiences that bolster their confidence and their self trust.
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And it's not just that they're afraid of failure, they're actually programmed to succeed with inborn strategies like the running leap.
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All we have to do is stay out of their way!
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Wow! And moments like this are happening all the time!
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Every day, kids are backing up to take running leaps, big and small.
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And each one is an opportunity for us to help them recognize what they're up to which can turn their self doubt into self trust and give them a tool for future challenges.
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Like this one time, I was helping a second grader with her math homework.
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It should have been relatively simple-- A dozen or so problems and she could join her friends on the playground.
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However. Getting her to do even one problem was like pulling teeth.
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After trying to get her to focus for the millionth time, She turned to me with this wild look in her eyes and said, "Oh no! I'm gonna pop!" She continued, "I'm gonna pop, it's gonna happen...pop!" And with that, she frog-leapt out of her seat, landed on the floor, and crawled under the table.
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Now, I have to tell you, knowing about the running loop comes in SO handy for moments like this.
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Clearly, this math homework was really challenging for her.
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Maybe struggling with each problem was making her feel dumb And when you feel dumb, you don't exactly feel ready to tackle math homework, right? So she instinctively knew that she needed a confidence boost, stat!
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Maybe this little game of hers was helping her feel like a creative, spontaneous kid who was choosing not to do math rather than a dumb kid who was trying her best and struggling.
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In other words, she was backing up, not backing away!
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So, rather than trip her up by trying to force her to sit and focus, I looked for how I could support her backward steps.
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I said, "I have an idea.
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how about after each problem, you pop once? And then you can come back and we'll do the next problem." She liked that idea.
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She climbed right back into her seat and together we did all of problem number three.
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And then she popped out of her seat, crawled under the table, And stayed there I know, I know But this is what's so great about the running leap: Instead of getting sucked into a power struggle, I just took it as a sign that she needed to back up even further between each problem. One pop wasn't enough.
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So I followed her lead, and together we developed a routine where she was doing one full lap of frog leaps around the table between each problem.
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And sure, that took a little while, but honestly?
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Not as long as it would have taken if I had tried to force her to sit and focus.
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Plus, this way all I had to do was nothing.
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I knew she wanted this math homework to be over just as badly as I did.
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So it was easy to trust in her motivation and patiently wait for her to come back around between each problem, which she always did.
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No more power struggle.
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Some of you might worry that if you give a kid an inch, they'll take a mile.
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That if you let them back up as far as they need, they may never actually take that running leap.
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However, this logic makes a fundamental assumption.
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That without our intervention children would automatically give up, experience failure.
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That we have to BE their motivation.
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But what if instead, We focus on fostering their intrinsic motivation?
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If a kid wants something, they'll never give up.
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No matter how long it takes Once they feel ready, they will always come back.
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So this little girl might not have wanted to do math, but she definitely wanted to go play.
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And she probably had a bigger goal of doing well in school.
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So that means she didn't need me to be her motivation, forcing her to stay seated.
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What she needed was to take some confidence-boosting backward steps.
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And what actually happens when you try to force a kid to take a leap they don't feel ready for? It backfires!
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At best, you get resentful obedience, but at worst they might feel irresponsible, incompetent, lazy...
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all these things that really decrease their confidence.
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And the lower their confidence, the wider that stream is gonna look, the further they're gonna have to back up before they take that runing leap.
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So you can see how the more we disrupt their backing up process, the more backward steps they'll need to take.
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Instead, we can help them recognize when they're using the running leap and maximize the benefits.
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Like with this little girl-- Once she was done with her homework, I made sure to acknowledge her process so she could trust herself more in the future.
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I said, "you found a way to get your homework done.
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You knew just what you needed to do.
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And now, you can go play." And off she skipped, A creative kid who can do math with the right strategy.
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And from then on, I got a lot less resistance at homework time.
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Ahe knew I would help her play to her strengths, which meant her confidence grew and she needed a lot less "popping." A virtuous cycle.
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Showing kids how their backing up strategy works increases their confidence and gives them a tool for future challenges.
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And you can do it using pretty much the same language that I used with this little girl.
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Just describe what they did.
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Like, imagine if the mom at the swimming pool had said to her daughter, "You wanted to go down the big slide, and you knew just what you needed to get there!
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You went down the little slide first to build your confidence, and it worked!" With acknowledgements like this, You can help kids trust themselves and teach them to procrastinate purposefully in the future.
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My parents did this for me growing up, so I was able to use the running leap with one of the biggest challenges of my life: getting a PhD.
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After college, I was burnt out.
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I knew I wanted to do something meaningful with my one precious life.
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I wanted to be a contribution to the world.
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But after 16 years of formal education, I just did not have the energy.
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So I skipped off to Florida to become a beach bum.
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While all my friends were starting on their careers, I was rediscovering reading for pleasure with my toes in the sand.
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My parents were a little anxious, but they reminded themselves of the running leap and tried to avoid applying too much pressure.
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And one day, after six sun-kissed months of working with children, a thought struck me, out of the blue: "I want a PhD in child development." And because I knew about the running leap, I knew I would get one, no matter how hard it was.
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My dissertation defense was one of the proudest moments of my life, and I've gotta say, it's a good thing I knew about the running leap, because wow, is grad school full of challenges!
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So the next time it looks like a child is backing away from a challenge, big or small...
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Just take a deep breath and do...nothing Just look for signs that they're actually backing up to take that running leap.
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Then you can trust that they're already doing exactly what they need to prepare themselves.
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If you'd like to do more than nothing, there is something you can do.
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Ask yourself, what are they doing, and how is it already working for them?
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Instead of pushing or pleading, look for how you can bolster their-self trust to strengthen their confidence-building process.
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How can you help their backward steps be as strong as possible, so their running leap is a soaring success?

このビデオでスピーキングを練習する理由

子どもたちのモチベーションについてのこのビデオは、スピーキング練習に最適な素材です。特に、英語スピーキング練習を通じて、日常生活やアイデアを表現する力を向上させることができます。ビデオの中で話されている内容はシンプルでありながら深い意味を持っており、学習者が感情や経験を共有する際に役立つ表現が多く含まれています。このようなダイナミックなコンテクストでの練習は、英語シャドーイングの手法を用いることで、より効果的に行えます。

文法と文脈における表現

このビデオでは、いくつかの重要な文法構造と表現が使われています。その中で特に注目すべき点は次の通りです：

  • 感情の表現：「すべての体の動きが恐れと後悔を示していた」という表現は、感情を描写する際に非常に効果的です。
  • 動作の描写：「彼女は小さい滑り台を楽しんでいた」というような表現は、具体的な行動を述べることで視聴者に映像を伝えます。
  • 較差の表現：「大きな挑戦があるとき、彼女はそれに対して一歩引く必要がある」というフレーズは、因果関係を明確にしています。

これらの文法構造をマスターすることで、学習者は自分の言いたいことをより明確に伝えることができるようになります。shadowspeakを利用しながら例文を反復することをお勧めします。

一般的な発音の落とし穴

ビデオの中で注意が必要な言葉やアクセントには以下のようなものがあります：

  • 「motivation」という単語は、特に日本人学習者には発音しにくい場合があります。「モチベーション」と言うとカタカナで記憶しがちですが、英語では強弱のアクセントに注意が必要です。
  • 「challenge」の発音も多くの学習者が誤ります。正しい発音は「チャレンジ」で、最初の音節に強いアクセントを置くことが重要です。
  • また、「running leap」などのフレーズは流れるように言う必要があり、それぞれの単語をしっかり発音することが大切です。

これらの発音トラップを意識し、繰り返し練習することで、shadowing siteを利用して発音を改善していけます。

シャドーイングとは？英語上達に効果的な理由

シャドーイング（Shadowing）は、もともとプロの通訳者養成プログラムで開発された言語学習法で、多言語習得者として知られるDr. Alexander Arguelles によって広く普及されました。方法はシンプルですが非常に効果的：ネイティブスピーカーの英語を聞きながら、1〜2秒の遅延で声に出してすぐに繰り返す——まるで「影（shadow）」のように話者を追いかけます。文法ドリルや受動的なリスニングと異なり、シャドーイングは脳と口の筋肉が同時にリアルタイムで英語を処理・再現することを強制します。研究により、発音精度、抑揚、リズム、連音、リスニング力、そして会話の流暢さが大幅に向上することが確認されています。IELTSスピーキング対策や自然な英語コミュニケーションを目指す方に特におすすめです。

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