쉐도잉 연습: Biggest Breakthroughs in Biology and Neuroscience: 2025 - 영상으로 영어 말하기 배우기

연습 모드 선택

각 모드는 전체 화면 연습실로 열립니다.

159 문장

문장이 너무 짧거나 길면 Edit를 눌러 조정하세요.

For millennia, we humans have set ourselves apart from the rest of the animal kingdom, pointing to cognitive abilities that we alone possess.

Like the use of tools.

Or planning and problem solving.

But over the last half century, this perception has changed.

Of course it has been observed that other animals have interesting and sophisticated mental lives as well, and in particular birds among vertebrates.

This is something that goes beyond just simple reflexive behaviors.

And there are many different bird species which are very clever, quite intelligent.

In many aspects and in many tasks, they can be comparable to children, to kids up to seven years old.

So is bird intelligence just a less evolved form of human intelligence?

Or is it something else entirely different?

Now, a trio of recent papers published in the journal Science have revealed an intriguing answer.

For the longest time, we thought the neocortex is like the structure you need to be intelligent.

Until the middle of the 20th century, many neuroanatomists assumed that birds couldn't be all that smart.

Because they do not have the structure that we use in our brains to become intelligent.

Avian brains lack anything resembling a neocortex, the layered and highly-ordered outermost structure in humans and other animals where communication and higher reasoning reside.

We needed to conciliate these two ideas that birds, in many cases are very intelligent, but they do not have that neocortex.

However, birds do have something called the dorsal ventricular ridge or DVR.

These are a huge mass of neurons.

Neurons in birds are very small and they are packed.

The density of neurons is high.

Very, very high, much higher than in any mammalian species.

In the 1960s, the neuroanatomist Harvey Karten observed a functional similarity between the mammalian neocortex and the avian DVR.

Karten postulated that neural circuits of the DVR are homologous, so have a common origin.

But decades later, anatomist Luis Puelles drew a different conclusion.

He found that the two structures, the neocortex and the DVR, develop in different parts of a sub-region of the brain called the pallium.

Which is the most anterior region of the of the developing vertebrate brain that looks like a hood, like a cup on top of the rest of the brain.

So the question remained...

did these brain structures, the seats of vertebrate intelligence, share the same origins, or did they evolve independently?

The only way to reconcile these different views on brain evolution is to look at circuitry and development and cell-type identity all together.

And this is what these studies have achieved collectively.

In 2025, a collaboration of international researchers released the results.

Using a combination of powerful molecular techniques.

The teams were able to answer the question at the cellular level.

We generated a cell type atlas of the avian pallium.

Then used this to compare to similar data from mammals.

And this way we could basically find out whether certain cell types actually are homologous, meaning they were present in the last common ancestor, or did they evolve independently in the two lineages?

Evidence suggests that birds and mammals last shared a common ancestor 320 million years ago, an ancient relative akin to a modern day lizard.

What we found, the developmental programs giving rise to these different circuits is not the same.

Therefore, they evolved separately.

In the mammalian neocortex and in the bird DVR, they actually started out from different cell types in the last common ancestors. In the last common ancestor, one was like in the dorsal region, one was in the ventral region.

And then over the course of evolutionary time, those cell types became similar.

And the research has revealed a more universal force of nature at work, a phenomenon known as convergent evolution.

The circuits are strongly similar, but they are not developing in the same area and they are not using the same neurons.

Evolution found the same solution using different tools.

This is a case of convergent evolution, and there are many, many cases of, convergent evolution.

Other examples of convergent evolution include unique forms of winged flight in birds and bats.

Or the evolution of camera-like eyes in both octopuses and mammals.

This is a convergence of intelligence.

Evolution found two ways to make animals intelligent, birds and mammals.

And they found it following two different evolutionary trajectories.

All these pieces together paint a different picture than what both Karten and Puelles, and you know, their colleagues in the schools of schools of thought have been painting.

I think they tell us that this is a more complex story, but also that the debate is largely settled, I will say.

In the conventional story of conception, a sperm's mission is simple - deliver the father's share of his genes to the egg.

All dad is really needed for is to just be a carrier of the paternal copy, so one half of the DNA, so one half of the genome.

But it turns out, this story about a sperm's role in inheritance may be more complex.

Environmental stressors can somehow leave a mark on the sperm and transmit traits from the father to the offspring.

And in the traditional sense, this is not possible because the DNA should be read only.

New research in mice has revealed that molecular records of a father's lifestyle can hitchhike along, producing similar traits or phenotypes in the next generation.

This has been demonstrated for examples of diet, stress, exercise, and so almost a completely new layer on heredity.

This is an independent code, beyond the DNA sequences alone.

In adult males, a sperm's journey begins in the testes, where reproductive cells divide and mature.

The sperm is constantly being made anew.

Half of the father's genes are packed tightly inside the head of each sperm.

In the 1880s, German biologist Auguste Weissmann wrote a treatise backed by experiments on mice that concluded a barrier exists between the heritable reproductive cells and the rest of the body.

There must be something blocking the environments or exposures.

This was named the so-called 'Weismann Barrier.' And really that was kind of dogma for really almost 100 years.

However, over the last two decades, a growing body of evidence has shown that this barrier, in fact, can be breached.

A father's diet, stress, exposure to toxins, including drugs and alcohol, have been shown to impact offspring.

And so really one of the landmark papers that was published in 2010 from Oli Rando's lab demonstrated that if you feed male mice different diets, you can get different metabolic phenotypes in the progeny that are associated with those diets that dads ate.

But until very recently, potential mechanisms for how these traits might be transmitted have remained up for debate.

One leading candidate is RNA, single-stranded nucleotide sequences that perform an array of biological roles, from building proteins to regulating cell function by turning certain genes on or off.

Small regulatory RNAs have the ability to regulate gene expression at many different levels.

RNA have also been found in the part of the reproductive system.

Where sperm mature, packaged inside what's called extracellular vesicles.

And we know this extracellular vesicles, they carry DNA.

They carry RNA. They carry proteins.

They can indeed transmit information.

In theory, RNA produced by a father's environmental exposures travel in the bloodstream and fill these extracellular vesicles, which then fuse with the sperm to deliver their molecular messages to the awaiting egg.

And the idea would be that these are delivered during fertilization.

So to change how early embryonic gene expression occurs and then leads to changes in development and phenotypes.

In November 2025, Chinese researchers published a study on exercise that provides the strongest evidence yet of RNA's role in transmitting heritable phenotypes.

This paper also really goes a long ways to show that its RNA and sperm.

They show it many different times.

The team trained father mice on a treadmill for two weeks and bred them with sedentary females.

They found that the male offspring were also more physically fit.

I think one of the most exciting part is that this example is is deeply adaptive.

It's just just like, that the father is sending a message to the environment is tough.

You have to be a tough to survive.

So how could this trait be passed down?

The researchers identified a specific set of microRNAs in both the sperm and the fertilized egg, which are connected to the regulation of genes that increase metabolism and muscle function in adults.

This is cool, because to me it's really the first mechanistic link of something very early actually being sufficient for the phenotype later.

However, despite the significant new evidence presented by the exercise study, many molecular mysteries remain.

We have to define the mechanism of what's going on, what is going on after fertilization?

What are these RNAs and sperm doing after fertilization to change early development?

They're impacting gene expression.

Although not confirmed in humans, the new research may be reason enough for potential fathers to think twice about their lifestyle choices.

We do not know in full how it works, but there are so many evidence tell us this can have an effect.

So why not?

As a father to be, you should probably be as healthy as possible.

100

Right? And I mean, I'm kind of a newish father and like yeah, that's definitely the case.

101

Whether you know these choices, right?

102

Your environmental exposures or your kind of behavioral choices impact your progeny adversely, I think it's still debatable.

103

What do ancient enzymes, squid shapes, and European languages have in common?

104

These three systems - the biomolecular, the morphological, and the linguistic.

105

These different granularities of life might be connected through some frameworks.

106

In 2025, a young researcher published a new mathematical model that describes similar spikes in the evolutionary histories of these very different systems.

107

We're looking at a rapid transition in the evolution, not something which happens gradually.

108

This work bolsters a long-controversial theory known as 'punctuated equilibrium', which posits that new species are formed during relatively sudden bursts rather than through gradual change over time.

109

I have been fighting for this stuff for 50 years.

110

The explosive evolution is being found all over the place.

111

For the last century and a half, Charles Darwin's writings on evolution have loomed large.

112

The message that was left by Darwin was a gradual change through time.

113

And that's inevitable given the mechanisms of natural selection that he formulated.

114

Natural selection occurs when organisms accumulate random genetic mutations, leading to variation in traits across a population.

115

Changes just build up gradually over time, they accumulate.

116

Some of those traits may provide individuals a survival advantage, which can eventually lead to the splitting of lineages.

117

But in 1970, paleontologists Niles Eldredge and Stephen Jay Gould had a new idea.

118

In the fossil record, they rarely saw the kinds of intermediate species they would expect from gradual evolution.

119

To describe this phenomena, Gould coined the term 'punctuated equilibrium.' Really is so graphic about what it is.

120

The equilibria refers to the great stability that you mostly encounter if you just randomly sample things.

121

They're the same as they were yesterday and will be for another million years type a thing.

122

But every once in a while there's an event.

123

New species suddenly appear at the nodes of the evolutionary tree, where one lineage branches off from the others.

124

And so you've got two things that now differ from one another quite a bit, but there's no sort of gradual change from the ancestor to the descendants.

125

It seems to have happened rapidly. Bam!

126

It's almost like it's instantaneous.

127

Evolutionary biologist Jordan Douglas didn't set out to examine punctuated equilibrium.

128

The project I was working on was, how did life learn the rules to compute its own molecular synthesis?

129

Douglas was analyzing enzymes called aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase, which are essential to building proteins.

130

Forms of these enzymes have existed since the emergence of life on earth, nearly 4 billion years ago.

131

They come in families and so we were interested in how those families evolved.

132

But as I was studying the system, I started to realize that if we're going to model this appropriately, computationally, we need the right kind of methods behind it.

133

So Douglas used computational tools and Bayesian analysis to construct phylogenetic family trees of the enzymes in his database.

134

With these trees describing the relationships between these entities.

135

The lengths of the branches are describing the time that these things have been apart from one another.

136

In his model, Douglas saw evolutionary spikes of rapid separation at the nodes, or branch points, where enzyme families splits.

137

What we call 'saltative branching.' Saltative comes from the Latin word for leap.

138

So it's like a leaping branch.

139

Saltative branching is followed by rapid, independent evolution of the new branches.

140

You have an unusual mutation which changes a whole lot of things, doesn't destroy the system, but then the other parts of the system quickly readjust.

141

And after this burst of evolution, the system stabilizes.

142

The model also revealed branches that evolved and went extinct.

143

Eventhough they're gone now, the fact that they used to exist has still left behind some sort of footprint on the lineages that have survived.

144

Douglas' model successfully described the evolution of his enzyme.

145

But he wondered, what might it reveal in datasets from other systems?

146

So we tested this on 13 different biological systems.

147

We were not entirely sure what to expect.

148

We looked at cephalopods, for example octopuses, squids, cuttlefish, etc..

149

The model predicted the sudden bursts in the change of body shapes found in the evolutionary history of these cephalopods.

150

Surprisingly, Douglas' model also predicted evolutionary spikes in the family tree of Indo-European languages.

151

The more datasets we started playing with, the more we realized, okay, this process must be happening quite often.

152

Saltative branching seemed to be everywhere, but it may not represent the entirety of the evolutionary story.

153

What we really need is to test this on more datasets.

154

Just kind of figure out how often is this process occurring, but also what proportion of total change can be explained by this process?

155

And what proportion is explained by gradualism?

156

For Eldridge, Jordan's model was a welcome validation.

157

This is fantastic, you know.

158

So that was my feeling when I saw the paper.

159

I said, I think this is really basically a tipping point.

앱 다운로드

유창하게 말하는 데 필요한 모든 것

AI 발음 평가문장마다 점수 확인

IPA 발음 연습모든 소리 마스터

단어 학습나만의 단어장 만들기

단어 게임놀면서 외우기

QR 스캔

Download on theApp Store Get it onGoogle Play

FOR YOU

이 비디오로 말하기 연습하는 이유

생물학과 신경과학의 최신 연구 결과를 담은 이 비디오는 영어 쉐도잉 연습에 이상적입니다. 복잡한 주제를 명료하게 설명하는 대화체는 논리적 표현과 전문 용어의 사용 능력을 키우고, IELTS 스피킹과 같은 고급 시험 준비에도 도움됩니다. 특히 진화 생물학 관련 용어와 논증 구조를 익히면, 학술적 대화나 토론에서 자신감을 갖게 됩니다. shadowing site에서 이 비디오를 활용해 발음과 리듬을 연습하면, 자연스러운 영어 표현을 습득할 수 있습니다.

문맥 속 문법과 표현

이 비디오에는 다음과 같은 핵심 문법과 표현이 포함되어 있습니다.

"For millennia, we humans have set ourselves apart...": 현재 완료 시제를 사용해 오랜 기간 지속된 사실을 강조합니다. "have set"은 과거부터 현재까지의 영향을 나타내며, 논문이나 연구 결과 설명에서 자주 사용됩니다.
"Or is it something else entirely different?": 의문문을 사용해 대조적인 의견을 제시하고, 청자의 관심을 끌습니다. shadow speech 연습에서 이와 같은 질문 형식을 익히면, 대화에서 유연하게 반응할 수 있습니다.
"Evolution found the same solution using different tools": "using" 현재 분사를 사용해 방법을 설명합니다. 복잡한 개념을 간결하게 표현할 때 유용하며, 과학적 설명에서 자주 등장합니다.

발음의 함정

이 비디오의 발음에서 주의해야 할 부분은 다음과 같습니다.

"neocortex": /niːoʊˈkɔːrteks/로 발음하며, 중간의 "cortex" 부분이 헷갈리기 쉽습니다. 쉐도잉 연습에서 천천히 발음해 보세요.
"convergent evolution": /kənˈvɜːrdʒənt ˌiːvəˈluːʃn/로, "convergent"의 "ver" 부분을 강조하지 않고 부드럽게 발음해야 합니다.
"homologous": /hoʊˈmɑːləɡəs/로, 첫 번째 "o"가 장음으로 발음되며, 마지막 "gous" 부분은 /ɡəs/로 끝납니다.

이러한 단어들을 shadowspeak 기술을 사용해 반복 연습하면, 발음의 정확도를 높일 수 있습니다.

이 영상의 문법

화자가 가장 많이 쓰는 문형을 영상 속 실제 표현과 함께 정리했습니다.

문형	영상 속 표현
현재완료진행 have/has been + -ing — 전에 시작해 지금도 계속되는 동작	have been painting · have been fighting
현재완료 have/has + 과거분사 — 과거의 일이 지금도 관련이 있을 때	have set · has changed · has been observed
수동태 be + 과거분사 — 누가 하는지보다 무슨 일이 일어나는지에 초점	has been observed · is really needed · should be read
관계절 who / which + 절 — 사람이나 사물에 대한 추가 정보	species which are · egg, which are · advantage, which can

쉐도잉이란? 영어 실력을 빠르게 키우는 과학적 방법

쉐도잉(Shadowing)은 원래 전문 통역사 훈련을 위해 개발된 언어 학습 기법으로, 다언어 학자인 Dr. Alexander Arguelles에 의해 대중화된 방법입니다. 핵심 원리는 간단하지만 매우 강력합니다: 원어민의 영어를 들으면서 1~2초의 짧은 지연으로 즉시 소리 내어 따라 말하는 것——마치 '그림자(shadow)'처럼 화자를 따라가는 것입니다. 문법 공부나 수동적인 청취와 달리, 쉐도잉은 뇌와 입 근육이 동시에 실시간으로 영어를 처리하고 재현하도록 훈련합니다. 연구에 따르면 이 방법은 발음 정확도, 억양, 리듬, 연음, 청취력, 말하기 유창성을 크게 향상시킵니다. IELTS 스피킹 준비와 자연스러운 영어 소통을 원하는 분들에게 특히 효과적입니다.

섀도잉 방법: 단계별 전체 가이드 읽기 →

쉐도잉 연습: Biggest Breakthroughs in Biology and Neuroscience: 2025 - 영상으로 영어 말하기 배우기

연습 모드 선택

앱 다운로드

추천 영상

Why birds don't crash (and what humans can learn from them)

Our Brains Are Not Special. But Why Are We?

Embryology of the Nervous System

44 Audio Track

World’s Most Advanced Artificial Egg Hatches Chicks

تطور العين

We Won’t Explore the Galaxy...

Why don't you remember being a baby?

The 600 Million Year Story of the Human Brain | FULL DOCUMENTARY

Steven Pinker: Linguistics as a Window to Understanding the Brain | Big Think

The Neuroscience of Creativity

Why is walking humans’ superpower? – C1 English Listening Test

이 비디오로 말하기 연습하는 이유

문맥 속 문법과 표현

발음의 함정

이 영상의 문법

쉐도잉이란? 영어 실력을 빠르게 키우는 과학적 방법