쉐도잉 연습: Destruction of French Rule in Vietnam - Battle of Điện Biên Phủ - YouTube로 영어 말하기 배우기
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In early 1954, a decisive battle took place at Dien Bien Phu in northern Vietnam.
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In early 1954, a decisive battle took place at Dien Bien Phu in northern Vietnam.
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It was the conclusion to a seven-year-long conflict between France and the communist Viet Minh for the future of Southeast Asia.
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The fighting would last for months and end in a catastrophic defeat
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that ended French rule in Indochina and pushed the United States one step closer to intervening in Vietnam.
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The story of the calamity at Dien Bien Phu began in May 1953,
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when a new French commander in chief arrived in South East Asia.
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General Henri Navarre was the latest in a long line of French commanders,
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none of whom had been able to bring the six year long war against the Viet Minh to a successful conclusion.
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The conflict had cost hundreds of thousands of Vietnamese and tens of thousands of French lives,
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and the political will in Paris to continue it was fading.
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The French government may well have already called time on its
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attempts to remain in control in South East Asia were it not for the massive involvement of the United States,
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which saw the conflict as a means of containing the spread of communism.
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By the middle of 1953,
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some 80% of the cost of the French war effort were being met by aid from the US.
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But despite this support, by the autumn of
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that year the power base of the Communist Democratic Republic of Vietnam extended over much of the north
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and centre of the country,
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with an ongoing guerrilla campaign in areas they did not control.
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Even with American support, the French government was beginning to think it was time to cut their losses
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and make a deal with Ho Chi Minh's communist state.
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But before they did, they they charged Navarre with leveraging France's still superior military power to strengthen their hand,
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and avoid any appearance of being forced to the negotiating table.
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The French general did not have to wait long for an opportunity for this to present itself.
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In November, the Communists began an offensive on Lai Chau province close to the border with China.
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They hoped to draw the French out from their defensive perimeter
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around Hanoi to fight a pitched battle at the end of extended supply lines.
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They had chosen Lai Chau because they believe
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that the French will be forced to come out and block any advance into Laos,
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as the colonialists could not risk the war spreading onto another new front.
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The Communists were right.
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On November 20th the French conducted airborne landings at Diem Bien Phu to the south-west.
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Navarre was confident.
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Previous battles at Narsan and Hwa Binh had shown
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that the Viet Minh were unable to successfully attack entrenched French positions
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and that a large force could be supplied solely by air for an extended period.
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Navarre would do what the French had done before.
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Fly in, build defences, smash the Vietnamese with intense artillery and airpower,
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and then evacuate, with the communist forces weakened.
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By the end of the year,
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12,000 troops were established at Dien Bien Phu,
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with an airfield, artillery, tanks, minefields and barbed wire.
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In command on the ground was Colonel Christian de Castri.
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But unfortunately for the French,
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the Viet Minh were ready to respond.
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Four communist divisions, over 50,000 troops were soon dispatched to Dien Bien Phu and encircled the French perimeter.
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Vo Nguyen Giap, the commander-in-chief of the People's Army of Vietnam,
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arrived to take personal command of the battle in early January 1954.
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Jap was determined to avoid the mistakes of previous battles where attacks had been launched prematurely and resulted in massive casualties.
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He ordered a lengthy and meticulous build-up.
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A huge effort was put into developing logistic routes for food and munitions for the army,
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and over the next two months,
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large amounts of artillery and new Chinese-supplied anti-aircraft guns were brought up and carefully sighted on the hills surrounding the French base.
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French aircraft and their own artillery was used to try and disrupt these,
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but the thick vegetation covering the hillside made spotting targets difficult
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and ground sorties ran into well prepared enemy positions and were ineffective.
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It took until the second week of March 1954 for communist preparations for an assault on Diem Bien Foe to be complete.
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Then, at about 5.20pm on March 13th,
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they began a massive artillery bombardment and pushed forward into a major attack.
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The battle that would decide Indochina's fate had arrived.
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The communist bombardment struck sights all over the battlefield,
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but focused on the north-eastern French strongpoints named Beatrice and Gabrielle.
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These two hilltops were, along with Anne Marie to the west,
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isolated further away from the main cluster of French positions.
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They were each held by a battalion.
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3rd Battalion 13th Foreign Legion on Beatrice,
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and 5th Battalion 7th Algerian Rifles on Gabriel.
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The communist attack began with Beatrice,
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at 6.30pm, with three battalions from 312th Division in the assault wave,
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while a fourth blocked the road to stop any potential reinforcements from reaching the area.
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On the northern side of the hill,
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heavy French artillery fire succeeded in blunting the advance of the 428th Battalion as it crossed the Nam Yom River,
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but to the south-east 11th Company found itself overrun by determined attacks at 8.30.
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Its flank compromised, 9th Company was forced to pull back two hours later,
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setting up a fierce defence of Beatrice's western positions.
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For the next four hours the French troops fought for their lives,
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crushing the attack of the 11th Battalion in the north-west
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and holding off the reserve 16th Battalion after it was committed to the attack.
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Only after another large artillery bombardment did the resistance falter,
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with the hill captured around 2.30am.
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110 French troops were able to escape,
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with the rest dead or taken prisoner.
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It was the first time in the entire war that a French battalion in prepared positions had been overrun by the communists.
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Viet Minh losses had been heavy,
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particularly in the 428th and 11th which had lost more than 50% of their strength.
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The victory was worth the losses though,
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as holding Beatrice allowed Jaap to mass troops to the east of Gabriel,
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which now looked very isolated.
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Gabriel was the best sighted and most well dug in strong point in the line,
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with extra heavy mortars and a company of local auxiliaries attached.
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Jaap did not hesitate.
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On March 14th he attacked with five battalions,
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and despite fierce resistance from the defenders,
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swept the Algerians from the hill by the following morning.
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The loss of two major strongpoints on consecutive nights badly damaged French morale.
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It caused more than 250 troops on Anne-Marie to the west to desert,
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and forced that strongpoint to be abandoned.
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The French hierarchy too was badly Colonel Peroth,
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the commander of the camp's artillery,
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was so devastated at his gun's failure to suppress the Vietnamese artillery during the fighting that he killed himself.
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Colonel de Castry too fell into a degree of despair,
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and it fell to Lieutenant Colonel Pierre Langlais to stabilise their position,
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which he did with the help of Major Marcel Bajard's elite 6th Colonial Parachute Battalion,
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which was dropped into Diambien Phu as reinforcements.
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De Castry and Longley wanted another battalion on top of this,
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but the French general in command of troops in North Vietnam,
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René Cogni, refused to dispatch it,
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concerned about wasting more troops on a futile cause.
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He told Colonel De Castry that a battalion could only be provided on the condition
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that the integrity of the fortified camp be guaranteed.
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De Castry replied, The situation will be difficult to restore without reinforcements from outside.
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We are doing the impossible.
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The problem for the French commander was that without the extra troops,
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they were unable to stop the Viet Minh from using its successive north to site artillery
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and anti-air guns closer to the airfield,
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the only supply link the French troops had.
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The insertion of an extra battalion at this stage may have given Longley the strength he needed to ease this pressure,
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especially considering the substantial losses two of Jap's divisions had suffered in the fighting over Beatrice and Gabrielle.
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But without them, by March 28th the anti-air fire had grown so intense that the airfield had to be closed entirely,
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meaning all resupply for the French forces would now have to arrive by parachute,
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dropped from a minimum height of 6,500 feet and thus scattered over a wide area.
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Weak French counter-attacks were unsuccessful,
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and the Vietnamese soon came again,
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lining up a large offensive at the end of the month.
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Jap, in concert with his commanders,
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plotted an assault on the eastern side of the valley,
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designed to destroy the French strongpoints Dominique and Eliane in a single night.
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The whole of the 312th Division was deployed,
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including the units that took part in the assault on Gabrielle and Beatrice for a total of 14 battalions.
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Facing them was an increasingly disparate set of French troops from a variety of different units and nationalities.
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Facing intense pressure to cover a wide front line against a much more numerous enemy,
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battalions and even companies were split up to hold different strongpoints.
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For the purpose of this video,
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the coloured stripe on each unit icon denotes the unit to which it it belongs.
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Battalions on the French side, regiments on the Communists.
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All told, the French forces here came from seven different infantry and one cavalry battalions,
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but by no means were the full strength of all of these units deployed in this location.
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The offensive began at 6.30pm on March 31st across a wide front.
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The first hill to fall was Eliane 1,
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held by a single Moroccan company,
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overrun by the 215th Infantry Battalion by 725.
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To the north, a battalion each of Vietnamese paratroopers
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and Algerian infantry faced the full force of three communist regiments and were swept from Dominique's 1 and 2 by 10 pm,
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forcing the subsequent retreat of troops from Dominique's 6 sandwiched between them.
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This opened up a gap in the French line and the Viet Minh poured through,
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bypassing Dominique 5 to begin attacks on Dominique 3, close to the river.
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In the south, the key position of Eliane 2 was attacked by two Vietnamese battalions.
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Intense resistance by the defenders was not enough,
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and by 11pm the French troops were sheltering from their own artillery fire,
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called in in a desperate attempt to halt the communist advance.
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But after midnight, the tide began to turn,
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as two parachute companies reinforced and pushed the attackers back,
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forcing the Vietnamese to bring up a reserve battalion just to hold onto the easternmost part of the strongpoint.
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It was a similar story elsewhere.
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On Eliane IV, a company of paratroopers virtually destroyed the 215th battalion during repeated assaults on its position,
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and the defenders of Dominique III managed to keep their assailants at bay.
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The French forces managed to hold the line,
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gust, but throughout the rest of April they were stuck in a slow death spiral of dwindling supplies and reinforcements,
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while the communists were able to call on thousands of replacements
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and a carefully prepared logistics chain pulling in supplies from other areas,
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which remained resilient in the face of French bombing.
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The French garrison was steadily weakened by attrition,
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supply and food shortages, and low morale.
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When a third major offensive began at the start of May,
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it was too much for the depleted French forces and their position collapsed.
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By May 7th, the French were forced to withdraw from all positions east of the river,
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placing the remainder of the camp in an untenable position.
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At 5.30pm, the newly promoted Brigadier General de Castry announced a unilateral ceasefire
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and the surrender of the French garrison at Diem Bien Phu to the People's Army of Vietnam.
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The garrison at Diem Bien Phu totalled in the end around 15,000 troops,
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including reinforcements and replacements.
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Of these, about 8,000 had become casualties prior to the surrender, including 1,142 dead.
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The rest became prisoners.
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On the communist side,
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numbers are very hard to come by due to the tendency of the Vietnamese to understate their losses even to this day.
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Officially, 4,020 Viet Minh fighters were killed and 9,800 wounded or missing,
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for a total of just under 14,000 casualties.
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But later estimates by historians range up to the 25,000 mark,
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not including civilian porters and other logistical personnel killed by French bombing while manning supply lines to the battlefield.
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The communists had paid a high price,
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but had won a decisive and convincing victory over a French force
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that in its overconfidence had hopelessly overextended itself and invited its own destruction.
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It was a defeat that proved fatal to any hopes the French had about achieving an honourable exit.
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Negotiations at a peace conference in Geneva opened just as the battle at Dien Bien Phu was reaching its conclusion
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and the impact of defeat was huge leverage for the communists.
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Talks ended with a ceasefire between the French and Vietnamese in July 1954,
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under the terms of which Vietnam was partitioned at the 17th parallel,
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between a communist north and a capitalist south Vietnam.
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The French would leave Indochina entirely.
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In the south of the country,
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the influence of France was swiftly replaced by that of the United States,
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which was determined to keep newly created South Vietnam out of communist control come what May and established as its firm ally,
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the new Prime Minister of the State of Vietnam, Ngo Dinh Diem.
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American aid flooded into South Vietnam,
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rising from $1 million in 1954 to $322 million the following year.
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It was a commitment which would escalate to unthinkable levels and shape the future of Vietnam for the next two decades.
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이번 수업에서는 1954년 베트남에서 일어난 디엔비엔푸 전투의 역사적 배경과 그 결과에 대해 알아봅니다. 이 전투는 프랑스의 식민 지배가 끝나는 중요한 전환점이 되었고, 냉전 시대의 국제 정세에도 큰 영향을 미쳤습니다. 디엔비엔푸 전투의 사건을 통해, 여러분은 영어 표현력을 향상시키고, 역사적 사건을 기반으로 한 영어 회화 연습을 진행할 수 있습니다.
핵심 어휘 및 구문
- 전투 (Battle) - 무장 충돌이 일어나는 상황을 가리킵니다.
- 결정적 (Decisive) - 중요한 결정을 내리게 하는, 또는 결과에 큰 영향을 미치는 것을 의미합니다.
- 식민지 (Colonial) - 다른 나라가 지배하고 있는 지역을 지칭합니다.
- 공산당 (Communist) - 사회주의 이념을 바탕으로 하는 정당이나 이론을 의미합니다.
- 구르일라 전투 (Guerrilla Warfare) - 정규군이 아닌 소규모 전투 방식입니다.
- 지원 (Support) - 특정 활동이나 목적을 위해 제공되는 도움을 의미합니다.
- 항복 (Surrender) - 패배를 인정하고 항복하는 행위입니다.
- 주도권 (Dominance) - 상대에 비해 더 큰 힘이나 통제력을 가지는 것을 의미합니다.
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