쉐도잉 연습: Intro to Psychology: Crash Course Psychology #1 - YouTube로 영어 말하기 배우기
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That dream about the dinosaur and the leotard.
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That dream about the dinosaur and the leotard.
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Those times that you said that thing that you know you shouldn't have said, or even that thing you didn't even know you were gonna say.
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The little cogs of your consciousness cranking away, making your life possible, making society function, all of the things that you're so glad you can do,
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and all of the ones you wish you could stop doing.
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Excluding other human minds, your mind is the most complicated piece of the universe that humans currently know about.
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The rules that govern it are mysterious and elusive.
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Maybe our brains just aren't complex enough to understand themselves, but that's not going to stop us from trying.
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The word psychology comes from the Latin for the study of the soul, and while its formal definition has evolved over the last several decades,
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today we can safely call it the science of behavior and mental processes.
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The term psychology wasn't coined until around the turn of the 16th century, and a practice that we would actually call science today wasn't established until the mid-1800s.
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Of course, humans have always been curious about themselves and what's going on up here.
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Aristotle pondered the seed of human consciousness and decided that it was in the heart, not the head, being, as we have seen quite a lot here on Crash Course,
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absolutely and completely wrong.
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Two thousand years ago, Chinese rulers conducted the world's first psychological exams, requiring public officials to take personality and intelligence tests.
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And in the late 800s, Persian Dr. Mohammed Ibn Zakaria al-Razi, also known as Razi's, was one of the first to describe mental illness,
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and even treated patients in what was essentially a very early psych ward in his Baghdad hospital.
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From the efforts of those early thinkers up until today, the field of psychology has been all about tackling some of the big questions.
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How can humans do horrible things like commit genocide and torture other humans, and how come we know those things are horrible?
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Do we have free will, or are we simply driven by our environment, biology, and non-conscious influences?
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What is mental illness, and what can we do about it?
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And what is consciousness, or the notion of self?
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If I lose my awareness of myself, am I still human?
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I don't know!
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But over the next six months, these are the questions that we're going to be exploring together.
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How our brains work, how they can break, how they can be healed, why we behave the way we do, even when we don't want to, and what it means to be thinking and feeling and alive.
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When hearing the word psychology, most people probably think of a therapist listening to a patient unpacking the details of his day while reclining on a couch.
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Maybe that therapist is wearing glasses, chewing on a cigar, stroking his whiskered chin.
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Admit it, if you're thinking about psychology, you're probably picturing Freud.
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Sigmund Freud was one of the most tremendously influential and controversial thinkers of his maybe of all time.
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His theories helped build our views on childhood, personality, dreams, and sexuality, and his work fueled a legacy of both support and opposition.
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His life was long and spanned an important swath of history from the American Civil War to World War II.
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But like most great scientists, Freud developed his revolutionary ideas by building on the work of others.
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And of course, innovation in the field didn't stop with him.
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In truth, psychology is one of the most wildly diverse sciences in terms of the questions it proposes, the methods it applies, and the different schools of thought and disciplines it contains.
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Perhaps more than any other science, psychology is just a big ol' integrative melting pot.
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For instance, right around Freud's time, there were a lot of different schools of thought about how the study of the human mind should be tackled.
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Mainly, there were the ideas of structuralism, functionalism, and psychoanalysis.
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Scientific psychology got its start in 1879 in Germany, when physician Wilhelm Wundt set up the first psychology laboratory at
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the University of Leipzig just a few years after publishing his Principles of Physiological Psychology, considered the first true psychology textbook.
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Wundt and his student Edward Bradford Titchener took cues from chemists
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and physicists and argued that if those people could break down all matter into simple elements or structures, why couldn't they do the same for the brain?
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They tried to understand the structures of consciousness by getting patients to look inward, asking them how they felt when they watched a sunset,
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or smelled a coffee, or licked a kitten, or whatever.
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Titchener named this approach structuralism, but despite its rigid sounding name, it really relied so much on introspection that it became too subjective.
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I mean, you make sense and feel something different than I do, even if we lick the same kitten.
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Psychologists, of course, can't actually observe a patient's inner thoughts or feelings, so ultimately the structuralist school of thought is fairly short-lived.
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By contrast, American physician and philosopher William James proposed a different set of questions, focusing on why we think and feel and smell and lick or whatever.
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Basically, he focused on the function of behavior.
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This approach, functionalism, was inspired by Charles Darwin's idea that adaptive behaviors are conserved throughout the evolutionary process.
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James published his seminal book, The Principles of Psychology, in 1890, defining psychology as the science of mental life,
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just as Freud was starting to flex his big brain.
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Sigmund Freud began his medical career at a Viennese hospital, but in 1886, he started his own practice specializing in nervous disorders.
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During this time, Freud witnessed his colleague Josef Breuer treat a patient called Anna Oh with a new talking cure.
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Basically, it just let her talk about her symptoms.
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The more she talked and pulled up traumatic memories, the more her symptoms were reduced.
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It was a breakthrough, and it changed Freud forever.
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From then on, Freud encouraged his patients to talk freely about whatever came to mind, to free associate.
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This technique provided the basis for his career and an entire branch of psychology.
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In 1900, he published his book The Interpretation of Dreams, where he introduced his theory of psychoanalysis.
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Now, you probably think of psychoanalysis as a treatment, the whole patient on the couch scenario, and that's definitely part of it.
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But Freud's concept was actually a lot more complex than that, and it was revolutionary.
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The radical kernel of psychoanalysis was the theory that our personalities are shaped by unconscious motives.
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Basically, Freud suggested that we're all profoundly affected by mental processes that we're not even aware of.
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Now that sounds almost obvious to us now, but part of the genius of Freud's theory was that in 1900, it wasn't obvious at all.
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The idea that our minds could be driven by something that our minds themselves didn't know about was hard to grasp.
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As hard as, like, uh, maybe organisms evolving by natural selection.
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It was abstract, invisible, and there was something about it that seemed irrational.
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The other important part of Freud's theory was that the subconscious, literally the thing below consciousness, was still discoverable.
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Even though you weren't aware of it, you could come to understand it through a therapeutic technique that used dreams,
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projections, and free association to root out repressed feelings and gain self-insight.
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So what Freud was really saying was that mental disorders could be healed through talk therapy and self-discovery.
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And this was a really big breakthrough, because prior to this, people with mental illnesses would be confined to sanatoriums, and at best, given menial labor to do,
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and at worst, shackled to a bed frame.
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After the interpretation of dreams, Freud went on to publish over 20 more books, and countless papers, with an iconic cigar in hand all the while.
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He believed smoking helped him think, but it also helped him get jaw cancer.
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During the last 16 years of his life, underwent at least 30 painful operations while continuing to smoke.
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By the late 1930s, the Nazis had taken over Austria and Freud and his Jewish family narrowly escaped to England.
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By September 1939, the pain in his cancerous jaw was too great
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and a doctor friend assisted him in suicide through morphine injection.
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He was 83.
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Whether you love him or hate him, and make no mistake, plenty of people vehemently disagreed with him, there's no question that Freud's impact on psychology was monumental.
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While competing theories in the young field of psychology either fell away or evolved into something else, psychoanalysis remains an important concept and practice today.
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The next big shakeup rolled in during the first half of the 20th century when behaviorism gained a higher profile.
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Heavy hitters like Ivan Pavlov, John B.
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Watson, and B.F.
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Skinner were key players here.
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They focused on the study of observable behavior.
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You may remember Skinner as the dude who put rats
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and pigeons and babies in boxes and conditioned them to perform certain behaviors, right around when Freud escaped to England, Skinner published his Behavior of Organisms,
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ushering in the era of behaviorism, which remained all the rage well into the 1960s.
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The other major force at the time was, of course, Freud's psychoanalysis and its many descendants, collectively known as the psychodynamic theories.
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These focused on the importance of early experiences in shaping the unconsciousness and how that process affects our thoughts, feelings, behaviors, and personalities.
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By the mid-20th century, other major forces in psychology were also brewing.
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Schools we'll explore later in this course, including humanist psychology, which focuses on nurturing personal growth,
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cognitive science, and neuroscience, all of which contributed their own unique takes on the study of mind.
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Today's formal definition of psychology, the study of behavior and mental processes, is a nice amalgamation that pulls from all these different schools of thought.
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It recognizes the need for observing and recording behavior, whether that's screaming, crying, or playing air saxophone to an imaginary audience.
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But it also gives credit to our mental processes, what we think and feel and believe while we're tearing it up on our invisible instruments.
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Because again, the point that I really want you to take home is that psychology is an integrative science.
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Yes, folks still get grumpy and disagree plenty, but the essence of the discipline has everything to do with creating different ways of asking interesting questions
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and attempting to answer them through all kinds of data gathering methods.
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The human mind is complicated.
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There is no single way to effectively crack it open.
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It must be pried at from all sides.
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Harvard astronomer Owen Gingrich has gazed into the distant horizons of space, and even he has acknowledged
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that the human brain is by far the most complex physical object known to us in the entire cosmos.
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And we all get to have one!
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Of our very own!
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Knock it around right up in here.
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We here at Crash Course are really excited to spend the next several months delving into the world of psychology, how it applies to our lives, our minds, and our hearts,
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and how it deepens our understanding of each other, our world, and ourselves.
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Thanks for watching this first lesson in Crash Course Psychology, and I'd like to especially thank all of our Subable subscribers, without whom we would literally not be able to do this.
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Would you like a personalized, signed Crash Course Chemistry Periodic Table, or even to see yourself animated in one of our episodes?
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To find out about these and other perks, go to subbable.com slash crash course.
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And thanks to our crew!
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This episode was written by Kathleen Yale and edited by Blake DiPastino.
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Our psychology consultants is Dr. Ranjit Bhagwat.
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Our director and editor is Nicholas Jenkins.
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The script supervisor was Michael Aranda, who is also our sound designer.
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And our graphics team is Thought Cafe.
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맥락 및 배경
영어 심리학 첫 번째 수업인 이 비디오는 심리학의 역사와 발전, 그리고 우리가 가진 의식의 복잡성에 대해 탐구합니다. 마음의 작용과 인간 행동의 이면을 이해하려는 노력이 역사를 통해 어떻게 발전해 왔는지에 대한 설명이 담겨 있습니다. 심리학이라는 단어는 라틴어에서 유래하였으며, 인간의 행동과 정신 과정에 관한 과학으로 자리 잡았습니다. 이에 따라, 영어 회화 연습을 통해 일반적인 심리학 용어와 개념을 익히는 것이 중요합니다.
일상 대화를 위한 5가지 문구
- “정신 과학은 우리의 행동을 이해하는 방법입니다.”
- “어떻게 인간이 잔인한 행동을 할 수 있는지 생각해 본 적이 있나요?”
- “우리의 자유 의지는 환경의 영향을 받을까요?”
- “우리가 느끼고 생각하는 이유는 무엇일까요?”
- “자아 인식이 없으면 우리는 인간인가요?”
단계별 쉐도잉 가이드
이 비디오의 내용이 다소 어렵게 느껴질 수 있지만, 영어 쉐도잉 기법을 사용해 복잡한 주제를 쉽게 익힐 수 있습니다. 다음은 이 비디오를 효과적으로 이해하고 연습하는 방법입니다:
- 첫 번째 단계: 비디오를 처음부터 끝까지 한 번 시청한 후, 전체적인 맥락을 이해합니다. 주요 아이디어와 주제를 정리하세요.
- 두 번째 단계: 비디오를 다시 보기 시작하세요. 이때, 중요한 문구를 선택하여 따라 읽습니다. 처음에는 천천히, 점차 속도를 높여보세요.
- 세 번째 단계: 각 문장을 영어로 크게 말해보세요. 이때 자신의 발음과 억양을 체크합니다. 필요하다면 녹음해둡니다.
- 네 번째 단계: 친구나 스터디 그룹과 함께 대화 시뮬레이션을 진행하세요. 특정 주제에 대해 이야기하고, 피드백을 주고받는 것이 좋습니다.
- 다섯 번째 단계: 매일 10-15분씩 영어 회화 연습을 통해 자연스럽게 자신의 표현력을 키워가세요. 다양한 주제를 시도해 보세요.
이러한 과정을 통해, 영어 회화 연습이 더욱 원활해지고, 심리학과 같은 복잡한 주제를 쉽게 다룰 수 있을 것입니다. 유튜브 영어 공부를 통해 다양한 주제를 다루고, IELTS 스피킹 준비에도 효과적입니다.
쉐도잉이란? 영어 실력을 빠르게 키우는 과학적 방법
쉐도잉(Shadowing)은 원래 전문 통역사 훈련을 위해 개발된 언어 학습 기법으로, 다언어 학자인 Dr. Alexander Arguelles에 의해 대중화된 방법입니다. 핵심 원리는 간단하지만 매우 강력합니다: 원어민의 영어를 들으면서 1~2초의 짧은 지연으로 즉시 소리 내어 따라 말하는 것——마치 '그림자(shadow)'처럼 화자를 따라가는 것입니다. 문법 공부나 수동적인 청취와 달리, 쉐도잉은 뇌와 입 근육이 동시에 실시간으로 영어를 처리하고 재현하도록 훈련합니다. 연구에 따르면 이 방법은 발음 정확도, 억양, 리듬, 연음, 청취력, 말하기 유창성을 크게 향상시킵니다. IELTS 스피킹 준비와 자연스러운 영어 소통을 원하는 분들에게 특히 효과적입니다.
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