ฝึกพูดภาษาอังกฤษด้วยเทคนิค Shadowing จากวิดีโอ: What If You Were a Russian Aristocrat in 1917?

Imagine this.

It's early 1917 and you're a wealthy aristocrat in the Russian Empire.

You have your very own country estate replete with servants

and perhaps even a fashionable home in Petrograd with luxury porcelain and maybe even a Fabergé egg.

On paper, you and your family are one of the luckiest people to have ever lived in the Russian Empire.

Yet, the expensive clock on your wall was ticking ominously fast,

since your wealth was tied to a political system whose time was running out.

But let's wind the clock back a bit. In Russia, the vast majority of the population were rural peasants who had

lived in the same appalling conditions from the Middle Ages right up to the 20th century.

In fact, for roughly 85% of all Russians, living standards had actually gotten worse over time,

with brutal serfdom expanding between the 15th and 17th centuries.

While serfdom had been formally abolished in 1861, its crippling legacy endured.

By the start of the 20th century, only around 15% of the population lived in cities,

and most of those people were urban labourers with just marginally better standards of living.

A small middle class of shop owners and merchants was bringing fledgling industry to Russia.

But beyond that, the wealth of the empire was in the hands of the aristocracy.

This 2% of the population had held political and economic power for centuries and it was a complicated mess of princes,

counts, barons and minor nobles.

At the top were the ancient princely families with ties to the ruling Romanov dynasty.

Below them were the wealthy landowners, officers and government officials.

Some came from prestigious dynasties older than the Romanovs themselves,

while others had been personally ennobled by the Tsar for their service to the state.

About a third of all aristocrats held personal nobility, which was not automatically inherited by their children,

and most of them were in this middle category.

Then at the bottom were the numerous minor nobles surviving on a small estate

and the boast that their great grandfather had once met someone important.

Some nobles in this category had become so impoverished after their serfs had been emancipated that they had sold their estates altogether,

earning their keep by working in the government or military.

You of course, as a preeminent Petrograd aristocrat, would be far from such pitiful nobles and would be a lot closer to the imperial family.

You were still close to the height of your power in 1914 when Germany and Austria declared war on Russia,

dragging it into the First World War.

The initial mobilization and wartime euphoria might boost your income for a time, depending on your economic ties to the Imperial Army.

Yet the Imperial Army's terrible performance against Germany in 1914 and 1915 would quickly blunt your enthusiasm.

The Tsar would take personal command of the military in 1915, but his presence would do little to stop the Germans.

Russia would make a big push in 1916 against Austria, almost knocking it out of the war, but at the end of the day,

half a million soldiers perished with little to show for it.

And this brings us to 1917.

At this point, even if you had suffered no losses in your family due to the war, your wealth and influence would have tangibly weakened.

The war had driven roughly 15 million men into the Imperial Army over the past three years,

disrupting Russia's economy and causing persistent inflation.

Your rubles would have lost about 70% of their purchasing power

and the luxury goods you'd be accustomed to in your lavish lifestyle were becoming increasingly scarce.

The rest of the population you were morally lording over were having it much worse,

with persistent food and fuel shortages driving them towards desperation.

And there were plenty of dissatisfied young aristocrats in the military who had learned that German artillery was indifferent to social class.

In March or February by the Russian calendar,

a food strike broke out in Petrograd and the Tsar's garrison mutinied instead of suppressing it and turned to revolution.

Tsar Nicholas was still leading the war effort near the front

when he heard the news and raced back by train to the capital.

But the revolutionaries had already seized control of Petrograd's railways,

so he was stuck and after a tense day of consultation with his generals, he abdicated.

In the span of a week, centuries of monarchical rule in Russia had come to an end.

Your instinct might be to flee, but unfortunately, commercial aviation had yet to take off in Russia,

so taking a plane would be out of the question.

Even if you could, we all know how frustrating and expensive it is to book a flight.

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Now if you had just seen the fall of the Tsar, your immediate reaction might actually be one of relief.

There were plenty of nobles that disliked Nicholas and were looking forward to a new government that could win the war.

In fact, your influence might actually increase

if you were more liberally minded as the new provisional government sought to reform and democratize Russia.

However, another political power was rising alongside the provisional government.

The socialist Petrograd Soviet, where workers and soldiers were agitating for increasingly radical measures.

Many similar local Soviets were cropping up across Russia, outside the formal government, but very much wielding real political power.

So as 1917 progressed, the countryside began turning against the aristocracy.

At first, the peasant tenants on your estates might stop paying their rents, so a major source of your income would dry up.

If you owned forests or pastures, the locals were very likely to start making use of them regardless of your ownership.

If you had been particularly benevolent to your tenants, they might respect your ownership somewhat,

but the general trend towards redistribution was unmistakable.

What you could do in practice depended very much on where you were during these pivotal months.

If you were at your country estate, you could hunker down with loyal servants and try to hold off the redistribution.

But choosing violence was a quick way to eventually get overrun and killed.

Most aristocrats in the countryside chose the more measured approach of negotiation, and you might even participate in the local Soviets if you were well respected.

If you were particularly lucky with this approach, you could even keep some land for yourself to cultivate,

though at that point it's arguable just how much of a noble you were.

If you were still in Petrograd, your best bet was probably to sell whatever assets you could and head for abroad with whatever you could carry.

Very few nobles at the time could appreciate the scale of the coming changes,

so this was a very radical solution that few aristocrats undertook in early 1917.

Most aristocrats stayed and supported the provisional government, yet regardless of how much influence and wealth you had,

you'd be unable to steer the sinking ship.

Unbeknownst to you, in April a certain communist exile had returned from Switzerland to preach his own radical version of a communist future.

Vladimir Lenin's return to Russia would hardly have been news to you.

He was the leader of a small radical party in the Petrograd Soviet called the Bolsheviks,

who were hardly on any aristocrat's radar in April.

Yet he would go on to carry the Bolsheviks to the top of the Petrograd Soviet in September

on a platform of communism and an end to the war.

Just a month later, the Bolsheviks launched an armed revolution in Petrograd, the second revolution in Russia that year,

to depose the provisional government and seize power for themselves.

It's difficult to overstate just how bad this event was for you.

Within weeks, Lenin's new government would abolish your estates, invalidate your titles and nationalise all banks.

If you were in Bolshevik-controlled territory, you'd abandon whatever property you couldn't carry and would flee Russia through Finland or Turkey,

perhaps under a false name or through bribery.

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But there was an alternative.

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Unsurprisingly, not everyone in Russia went with the Communists' barrage of change.

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An armed opposition called the Whites was organised as Russia descended into deadly civil war.

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If your estate was in southern Russia, you had a very good opportunity to join them and fight the Bolsheviks.

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Unfortunately the Whites ended up losing the war after nearly five long years of brutal combat.

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So, in the end, you'd still have to flee abroad, but probably with far fewer assets, assuming you even survived the war in the first place.

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Your last option was to stay put and downplay your noble origins.

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under a new identity or as an ideologically committed servant to the new order.

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While the Bolsheviks were radical, they did show some pragmatism when absorbing the Russian Empire's bureaucracy and military.

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Former nobles were among the few in Russia with the expertise to serve in the army or government,

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so the Bolsheviks tolerated their existence there initially.

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There were no guarantees that you'd survive the later purges of Stalin, of course, but that's a different story.

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In the end, your best outcome would have been to emigrate abroad as soon as possible.

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You could have moved art and jewelry easily enough, but any Russian shares, bank deposits or land was certainly lost.

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You would have at least kept your life, which is your biggest asset, and then everything else would have been just a cherry on top.

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In any case, if you found our little tutorial helpful, consider supporting us on Patreon or buying our new merch.

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Don't forget to subscribe and stay tuned for the next disintegratingly privileged episode of SideQuest.

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What was Lenin's favorite legal practice?

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Seize and desist.

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ฝึกพูดภาษาอังกฤษด้วยเทคนิค Shadowing จากวิดีโอ: What If You Were a Russian Aristocrat in 1917?

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