跟读练习: How stress affects your brain - Madhumita Murgia - 通过YouTube学习英语口语
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Are you sleeping restlessly, feeling irritable or moody, forgetting little things, and feeling overwhelmed and isolated?
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Are you sleeping restlessly, feeling irritable or moody, forgetting little things, and feeling overwhelmed and isolated?
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Don't worry. We've all been there.
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You're probably just stressed out.
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Stress isn't always a bad thing.
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It can be handy for a burst of extra energy and focus, like when you're playing a competitive sport, or have to speak in public.
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But when its continuous, the kind most of us face day in and day out, it actually begins to change your brain.
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Chronic stress, like being overworked or having arguments at home, can affect brain size, its structure, and how it functions, right down to the level of your genes.
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Stress begins with something called the hypothalamus pituitary adrenal axis, a series of interactions between endocrine glands in the brain and on the kidney, which controls your body's reaction to stress.
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When your brain detects a stressful situation, your HPA axis is instantly activated and releases a hormone called cortisol, which primes your body for instant action.
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But high levels of cortisol over long periods of time wreak havoc on your brain.
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For example, chronic stress increases the activity level and number of neural connections in the amygdala, your brain's fear center.
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And as levels of cortisol rise, electric signals in your hippocampus, the part of the brain associated with learning, memories, and stress control, deteriorate.
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The hippocampus also inhibits the activity of the HPA axis, so when it weakens, so does your ability to control your stress.
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That's not all, though.
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Cortisol can literally cause your brain to shrink in size.
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Too much of it results in the loss of synaptic connections between neurons and the shrinking of your prefrontal cortex, the part of your brain the regulates behaviors like concentration, decision-making, judgement, and social interaction.
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It also leads to fewer new brain cells being made in the hippocampus.
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This means chronic stress might make it harder for you to learn and remember things, and also set the stage for more serious mental problems, like depression and eventually Alzheimer's disease.
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The effects of stress may filter right down to your brain's DNA.
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An experiment showed that the amount of nurturing a mother rat provides its newborn baby plays a part in determining how that baby responds to stress later in life.
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The pups of nurturing moms turned out less sensitive to stress because their brains developed more cortisol receptors, which stick to cortisol and dampen the stress response.
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The pups of negligent moms had the opposite outcome, and so became more sensitive to stress throughout life.
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These are considered epigenetic changes, meaning that they effect which genes are expressed without directly changing the genetic code.
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And these changes can be reversed if the moms are swapped.
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But there's a surprising result.
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The epigenetic changes caused by one single mother rat were passed down to many generations of rats after her.
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In other words, the results of these actions were inheritable.
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It's not all bad news, though.
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There are many ways to reverse what cortisol does to your stressed brain.
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The most powerful weapons are exercise and meditation, which involves breathing deeply and being aware and focused on your surroundings.
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Both of these activities decrease your stress and increase the size of the hippocampus, thereby improving your memory.
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So don't feel defeated by the pressures of daily life.
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Get in control of your stress before it takes control of you.
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关于本课：理解压力与提升英语流利度
本课程将带您深入了解“压力如何影响您的大脑”。通过这段视频，您不仅会学习到慢性压力对大脑结构和功能（如海马体、前额叶皮层）的深远影响，以及它与学习、记忆和情绪问题的关系，还会发现对抗压力的有效方法，如运动和冥想。本视频的讲解清晰且富有条理，是进行英语口语练习和提升英语流利度的绝佳素材。
您将通过学习本视频来练习：
- 词汇主题： 掌握与神经科学、心理健康和生物学相关的专业词汇（例如：hypothalamus, cortisol, amygdala, hippocampus, epigenetic changes）。
- 语法模式： 熟悉用于解释复杂科学过程的因果句式和长句结构，提高理解和构建复杂句子的能力。
- 口语场景： 练习如何清晰、逻辑严谨地阐述科学概念和健康话题，这对于准备雅思口语考试或进行学术演示非常有用。
重要词汇和短语
- restlessly (adv.)：不安地，辗转反侧地。例句：Are you sleeping restlessly?（你是否睡不安稳？）
- wreak havoc on something (phrase)：对某事造成严重破坏。例句：High levels of cortisol over long periods of time wreak havoc on your brain.（长期高水平的皮质醇会对您的大脑造成严重破坏。）
- HPA axis (hypothalamus pituitary adrenal axis) (n.)：下丘脑-垂体-肾上腺轴。这是控制身体对压力反应的内分泌腺体系列。
- amygdala (n.)：杏仁核。大脑的“恐惧中心”。
- hippocampus (n.)：海马体。与学习、记忆和压力控制相关的大脑区域。
- prefrontal cortex (n.)：前额叶皮层。负责专注力、决策、判断和社交互动的大脑部分。
- epigenetic changes (n.)：表观遗传学改变。指不直接改变基因代码，但影响基因表达的变化。
- dampen the stress response (phrase)：抑制压力反应。例句：...cortisol receptors...dampen the stress response.（...皮质醇受体...抑制压力反应。）
本视频练习技巧
为了充分利用这段视频进行语言学习，以下是一些具体的跟读技巧和建议：
- 语速与节奏： 视频讲解者的语速适中，发音清晰，非常适合作为发音练习的素材。建议初学者可以先调慢播放速度，分段跟读，着重模仿每个词的读音和句子中的连读、重音。熟练后逐步加快至原速，训练您的听力理解和反应速度，提升英语流利度。
- 发音与口音： 请特别留意讲解者清晰的英式或国际标准口音。尝试模仿她的语调、音高变化和节奏，这对于提高您的整体英语发音准确性和自然度至关重要。注意专业词汇的重读和音节划分。
- 话题难度与理解： 视频内容涉及神经科学专业知识，词汇量较大。建议您在跟读前，先完整观看一遍视频，借助字幕理解主要内容和专业术语的含义。在理解的基础上进行跟读，可以更好地将词汇、发音和语境结合起来，提升您的学习效率。这对于需要讨论复杂话题的雅思口语考试非常有帮助。
什么是跟读法？
跟读法 (Shadowing) 是一种有科学依据的语言学习技巧，最初开发用于专业口译员的培训，并由多语言者Alexander Arguelles博士普及。这个方法简单而强大：您在听英语母语原声的同时立即大声重复——就像是一个延迟1-2秒紧跟说话者的影子。与被动听力或语法练习不同，跟读法强迫您的大脑和口腔肌肉同时处理并模仿真实的讲话模式。研究表明它能显着提高发音准确性，语调，节奏，连读，听力理解和口语流利度——使其成为雅思口语备考和真实英语交流最有效的方法之一。