跟读练习: Questions No One Knows the Answers to (Full Version) - 通过YouTube学习英语口语
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On a typical day at school, endless hours are spent learning the answers to questions, but right now, we'll do the opposite.
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On a typical day at school, endless hours are spent learning the answers to questions, but right now, we'll do the opposite.
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We're going to focus on questions where you can't learn the answers because they're unknown.
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I used to puzzle about a lot of things as a boy, for example: What would it feel like to be a dog?
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Do fish feel pain?
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How about insects?
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Was the Big Bang just an accident?
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And is there a God?
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And if so, how are we so sure that it's a He and not a She?
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Why do so many innocent people and animals suffer terrible things?
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Is there really a plan for my life?
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Is the future yet to be written, or is it already written and we just can't see it?
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But then, do I have free will? I mean, who am I anyway?
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Am I just a biological machine?
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But then, why am I conscious? What is consciousness?
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Will robots become conscious one day?
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I mean, I kind of assumed that some day I would be told the answers to all these questions.
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Someone must know, right?
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Guess what? No one knows.
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Most of those questions puzzle me more now than ever.
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But diving into them is exciting because it takes you to the edge of knowledge, and you never know what you'll find there.
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So, two questions that no one on Earth knows the answer to.
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(Music) [How many universes are there?] Sometimes when I'm on a long plane flight, I gaze out at all those mountains and deserts and try to get my head around how vast our Earth is.
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And then I remember that there's an object we see every day that would literally fit one million Earths inside it: the Sun.
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It seems impossibly big.
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But in the great scheme of things, it's a pinprick, one of about 400 billion stars in the Milky Way galaxy, which you can see on a clear night as a pale white mist stretched across the sky.
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And it gets worse.
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There are maybe 100 billion galaxies detectable by our telescopes.
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So if each star was the size of a single grain of sand, just the Milky Way has enough stars to fill a 30-foot by 30-foot stretch of beach three feet deep with sand.
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And the entire Earth doesn't have enough beaches to represent the stars in the overall universe.
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Such a beach would continue for literally hundreds of millions of miles.
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Holy Stephen Hawking, that is a lot of stars.
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But he and other physicists now believe in a reality that is unimaginably bigger still.
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I mean, first of all, the 100 billion galaxies within range of our telescopes are probably a minuscule fraction of the total.
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Space itself is expanding at an accelerating pace.
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The vast majority of the galaxies are separating from us so fast that light from them may never reach us.
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Still, our physical reality here on Earth is intimately connected to those distant, invisible galaxies.
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We can think of them as part of our universe.
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They make up a single, giant edifice obeying the same physical laws and all made from the same types of atoms, electrons, protons, quarks, neutrinos, that make up you and me.
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However, recent theories in physics, including one called string theory, are now telling us there could be countless other universes built on different types of particles, with different properties, obeying different laws.
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Most of these universes could never support life, and might flash in and out of existence in a nanosecond.
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But nonetheless, combined, they make up a vast multiverse of possible universes in up to 11 dimensions, featuring wonders beyond our wildest imagination.
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The leading version of string theory predicts a multiverse made up of 10 to the 500 universes.
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That's a one followed by 500 zeros, a number so vast that if every atom in our observable universe had its own universe, and all of the atoms in all those universes each had their own universe, and you repeated that for two more cycles, you'd still be at a tiny fraction of the total, namely, one trillion trillion trillion trillion trillion trillion trillion trillion trillion trillion trillion trillion trillion trillion trillionth.
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(Laughter) But even that number is minuscule compared to another number: infinity.
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Some physicists think the space-time continuum is literally infinite and that it contains an infinite number of so-called pocket universes with varying properties.
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How's your brain doing?
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Quantum theory adds a whole new wrinkle.
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I mean, the theory's been proven true beyond all doubt, but interpreting it is baffling, and some physicists think you can only un-baffle it if you imagine that huge numbers of parallel universes are being spawned every moment, and many of these universes would actually be very like the world we're in, would include multiple copies of you.
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In one such universe, you'd graduate with honors and marry the person of your dreams, and in another, not so much.
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Well, there are still some scientists who would say, hogwash.
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The only meaningful answer to the question of how many universes there are is one.
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Only one universe.
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And a few philosophers and mystics might argue that even our own universe is an illusion.
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So, as you can see, right now there is no agreement on this question, not even close.
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All we know is the answer is somewhere between zero and infinity.
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Well, I guess we know one other thing.
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This is a pretty cool time to be studying physics.
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We just might be undergoing the biggest paradigm shift in knowledge that humanity has ever seen.
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(Music) [Why can't we see evidence of alien life?] Somewhere out there in that vast universe there must surely be countless other planets teeming with life.
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But why don't we see any evidence of it?
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Well, this is the famous question asked by Enrico Fermi in 1950: Where is everybody?
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Conspiracy theorists claim that UFOs are visiting all the time and the reports are just being covered up, but honestly, they aren't very convincing.
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But that leaves a real riddle.
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In the past year, the Kepler space observatory has found hundreds of planets just around nearby stars.
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And if you extrapolate that data, it looks like there could be half a trillion planets just in our own galaxy.
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If any one in 10,000 has conditions that might support a form of life, that's still 50 million possible life-harboring planets right here in the Milky Way.
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So here's the riddle: our Earth didn't form until about nine billion years after the Big Bang.
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Countless other planets in our galaxy should have formed earlier, and given life a chance to get underway billions, or certainly many millions of years earlier than happened on Earth.
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If just a few of them had spawned intelligent life and started creating technologies, those technologies would have had millions of years to grow in complexity and power.
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On Earth, we've seen how dramatically technology can accelerate in just 100 years.
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In millions of years, an intelligent alien civilization could easily have spread out across the galaxy, perhaps creating giant energy-harvesting artifacts or fleets of colonizing spaceships or glorious works of art that fill the night sky.
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At the very least, you'd think they'd be revealing their presence, deliberately or otherwise, through electromagnetic signals of one kind or another.
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And yet we see no convincing evidence of any of it.
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Why? Well, there are numerous possible answers, some of them quite dark.
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Maybe a single, superintelligent civilization has indeed taken over the galaxy and has imposed strict radio silence because it's paranoid of any potential competitors.
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It's just sitting there ready to obliterate anything that becomes a threat.
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Or maybe they're not that intelligent, or perhaps the evolution of an intelligence capable of creating sophisticated technology is far rarer than we've assumed.
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After all, it's only happened once on Earth in four billion years.
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Maybe even that was incredibly lucky.
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Maybe we are the first such civilization in our galaxy.
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Or, perhaps civilization carries with it the seeds of its own destruction through the inability to control the technologies it creates.
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But there are numerous more hopeful answers.
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For a start, we're not looking that hard, and we're spending a pitiful amount of money on it.
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Only a tiny fraction of the stars in our galaxy have really been looked at closely for signs of interesting signals.
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And perhaps we're not looking the right way.
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Maybe as civilizations develop, they quickly discover communication technologies far more sophisticated and useful than electromagnetic waves.
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Maybe all the action takes place inside the mysterious recently discovered dark matter, or dark energy, that appear to account for most of the universe's mass.
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Or, maybe we're looking at the wrong scale.
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Perhaps intelligent civilizations come to realize that life is ultimately just complex patterns of information interacting with each other in a beautiful way, and that that can happen more efficiently at a small scale.
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So, just as on Earth, clunky stereo systems have shrunk to beautiful, tiny iPods, maybe intelligent life itself, in order to reduce its footprint on the environment, has turned itself microscopic.
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So the Solar System might be teeming with aliens, and we're just not noticing them.
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Maybe the very ideas in our heads are a form of alien life.
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Well, okay, that's a crazy thought.
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The aliens made me say it.
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But it is cool that ideas do seem to have a life all of their own and that they outlive their creators.
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Maybe biological life is just a passing phase.
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Well, within the next 15 years, we could start seeing real spectroscopic information from promising nearby planets that will reveal just how life-friendly they might be.
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And meanwhile, SETI, the Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence, is now releasing its data to the public so that millions of citizen scientists, maybe including you, can bring the power of the crowd to join the search.
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And here on Earth, amazing experiments are being done to try to create life from scratch, life that might be very different from the DNA forms we know.
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All of this will help us understand whether the universe is teeming with life or whether, indeed, it's just us.
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Either answer, in its own way, is awe-inspiring, because even if we are alone, the fact that we think and dream and ask these questions might yet turn out to be one of the most important facts about the universe.
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And I have one more piece of good news for you.
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The quest for knowledge and understanding never gets dull.
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It doesn't. It's actually the opposite.
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The more you know, the more amazing the world seems.
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And it's the crazy possibilities, the unanswered questions, that pull us forward.
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So stay curious.
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背景与上下文
在我们日常学习中，我们常常专注于寻求答案，但是在这段视频中，重点则放在那些没有确切答案的问题上。演讲者从他童年的思考出发，分享了很多关于宇宙和意识的疑问，激发了观众探索未知的兴趣。这不仅是一次知识的探讨，更是对存在的深刻反思，这种思考方式有助于提炼出我们在日常交流中需要的关键短语。
日常交流的五个关键短语
- 是什么感觉？ (What does it feel like?)
- 如何确定？ (How can we be sure?)
- 是否有计划？ (Is there a plan?)
- 这个问题值得探讨吗？ (Is this question worth exploring?)
- 我们究竟是谁？ (Who are we, really?)
这些短语在日常对话中非常实用，特别是在探讨深奥话题时，可以有效提高你的英语表达能力和思辨能力，帮助你在雅思口语练习中更自信地表达观点。
逐步跟读指导
为了提高你的发音和语调，以下是一些逐步跟读的方法，帮助你驾驭这段视频的难度。
- 选择短语：从上述五个短语中选择一个你最想练习的短语，开始时可以慢速朗读。
- 模仿语音：在播放视频时，注意演讲者的语音和语调，模仿他们的发音和节奏，这有助于提高你的英语发音。
- 分段练习：将整段对话分解为几小部分，逐句跟读，确保你的发音准确。通过这种方式，可以有效提升你的发音技巧。
- 重播练习：多次重播相同片段，注意聆听和纠正自己的发音。这种方法可以帮助你在语境中自然使用所学短语。
- 应用于口语：尝试在日常对话中使用这些短语，逐步提升与陌生人或朋友的交流能力。
通过这种跟读和实践方法，不仅能够提升英语口语能力，同时也能增强你的思维深度与批判性，帮助你在 shadow speak 的练习中取得更大的进步。这是提高英语发音的有效途径，通过不断的练习，自然能够在雅思口语中表现得更加自如。
什么是跟读法？
跟读法 (Shadowing) 是一种有科学依据的语言学习技巧，最初开发用于专业口译员的培训，并由多语言者Alexander Arguelles博士普及。这个方法简单而强大：您在听英语母语原声的同时立即大声重复——就像是一个延迟1-2秒紧跟说话者的影子。与被动听力或语法练习不同，跟读法强迫您的大脑和口腔肌肉同时处理并模仿真实的讲话模式。研究表明它能显着提高发音准确性，语调，节奏，连读，听力理解和口语流利度——使其成为雅思口语备考和真实英语交流最有效的方法之一。