跟读练习: Specialization and Trade: Crash Course Economics #2 - 通过视频学习英语口语

选择练习模式

每种模式都会打开全屏练习室。

43 句

如果句子过短或过长，请点击 Edit 进行调整。

Adriene Hill: Hi I'm Adriene Hill. Mr. Clifford: And I'm Mr. Clifford.

阿德里安娜·希尔：大家好，我是阿德里安娜·希尔。克利福德老师：我是克利福德老师。

Welcome to Crash Course Economics.

欢迎收看《Crash Course 经济学》。

Adriene: Here at Crash Course, we recognize that difficult subjects are sometimes fraught with truly unintelligible vocabulary that's difficult for us regular people to understand.

阿德里安娜：在Crash Course，我们意识到有些复杂的学科往往充斥着普通人难以理解的、完全晦涩难懂的专业术语。

Mr. Clifford: But it doesn't have to be that complicated. Remember, economics is the study of scarcity and choices. We have limited resources, so we need a way to analyze the best way to use them. We need economics to make wise decisions in the future, but it also helps us understand the past.

克利福德先生：但事情其实不必这么复杂。记住，经济学是研究稀缺性与选择的学科。我们的资源有限，因此需要一种方法来分析利用这些资源的最佳方式。我们需要经济学来在未来做出明智的决策，同时它也能帮助我们理解过去。

Adriene: Most empires, wars, and human endeavors can be explained using economics. All you have to understand is who wanted what. The American Civil War wasn't just about freedom, it was fought because southern states wanted to keep using cheap slave labor. It was economics.

阿德里安娜：大多数帝国的兴衰、战争的爆发以及人类的各种活动都可以用经济学来解释。你只需要弄清楚谁想要什么。美国内战不仅仅是为了自由，它的爆发是因为南方各州想要继续使用廉价的奴隶劳动力。这就是经济学。

Mr. Clifford: Econ can explain so much about the world, and that's why we love teaching it, and that's what makes it the greatest subjects of all time.

克利福德先生：经济学可以解释世界上的很多事情，这就是为什么我们喜欢教授这门学科，也是它成为有史以来最棒的学科的原因。

Adriene: Take that physics! We're comin' for ya!

阿德里恩：物理学，接招吧！我们来找你算账了！

Adriene: Let's stick with this history theme and talk about the progress of humanity throughout the ages. Using measurements like life expectancy, child mortality, and income per capita, we can show the majority of humans that ever lived had terrible lives. Statistically speaking.

阿德里安娜：让我们继续围绕这个历史主题，谈谈人类各个时代的发展进程。通过预期寿命、儿童死亡率和人均收入等指标，我们可以证明，从统计数据来看，有史以来大多数人类的生活都非常糟糕。

It wasn't until the industrial revolution that people saw significant and sustained increase in their standard of living. Populations skyrocketed, but so did life expectancy and food supplies and hospitals and eventually toilets and refrigerators.

直到工业革命时期，人们的生活水平才出现了显著且持续的提升。人口数量急剧增长，但预期寿命、粮食供应、医院数量也随之增加，后来又出现了厕所和冰箱。

Mr. Clifford: It was at the beginning of the industrial revolution that Adam Smith, the first modern economist, wrote his book An Inquiry Into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations or AIITNACOTWON. He wasn't great at naming books, but he was really good at explaining the source of prosperity. Smith concluded it was specialization, or what he called the division of labor, that made countries wealthy. Let's go to the Thought Bubble.

克利福德先生：工业革命初期，第一位现代经济学家亚当·斯密撰写了《国民财富的性质和原因的研究》，简称AIITNACOTWON。他不太擅长给书起名字，但非常擅长解释繁荣的根源。斯密的结论是，专业化，也就是他所说的劳动分工，才是国家富裕的原因。我们进入「Thought Bubble」环节。

Adriene: When I think of specialization, I think of a pizza restaurant where different workers have specific tasks like preparing the ingredients, making the pizza, putting it in the oven, taking it out and putting it in the box. This division of labor makes each worker more productive since they can each focus on the thing they do best, and they don't waste time switching between jobs.

阿德里安娜：一提到专业化，我就会想到披萨店，店里不同的员工有各自明确的分工，比如准备食材、制作披萨、把披萨放进烤箱、烤好后取出来装进盒子里。这种劳动分工能让每个员工的工作效率更高，因为他们可以专注于自己最擅长的事，也不会浪费时间在不同工作之间切换。

But specialization goes beyond the assembly line for pizza. To produce the cheese, there was a dairy farmer who specialized in raising cows; the oven was designed and manufactured by people who specialize in engineering ovens; the friendly moustache guy on the pizza box?

但专业化分工远不止披萨的生产线。制作奶酪需要有专门饲养奶牛的奶农；烤炉是由专门设计制造烤炉的工程师研发生产的；披萨盒上那个留着胡子的友善大叔呢？

Someone had to stamp him on there. I love that guy!

总得有人把他印在上面啊。我太爱这家伙了！

Adam Smith observed, "in every improved society, the farmer is generally nothing but a farmer; the manufacturer, nothing but a manufacturer. The labour... necessary to produce any one complete manufacture, is almost always divided among a great number of hands." Imagine what it would be like to make a pizza completely on your own. From scratch. You would have to grow the wheat and tomatoes and raise the cow, you'd make the flour, the cheese, the oven, the pan, and then draw the moustache guy on the box. Without specialization, if you want something, you have to make it yourself.

亚当·斯密曾指出：“在所有进步的社会里，农民通常就只是农民，工匠就只是工匠。生产一件完整制成品所需的劳动……几乎总是由大量不同的人手分工完成的。”试想一下完全靠自己从头开始做一份披萨会是什么样子。你得自己种小麦、种番茄、养奶牛，自己做面粉、做奶酪、造烤炉、做烤盘，还要在披萨盒上画那个留胡子的小人。没有专业化分工的话，你想要什么东西，就必须自己动手做。

And for thousands of years of human history, specialization was, well, pretty minimal.

在人类历史的数千年里，专业化程度其实一直都相当低。

Of course humans specialized prior to the industrial revolution, it's one of the marks of civilization that we mentioned in our World History series, but the modern era has taken this to the extreme. Think of how many people from how many different specialized fields it takes to make a smartphone, all of them working in harmony so I can tweet my super profound thoughts.

当然，在工业革命之前人类就已经有了专业化分工，这也是我们在《世界历史》系列中提到的文明标志之一，但现代社会将这种分工推向了极致。想想制造一部智能手机需要多少来自不同专业领域的人，他们所有人协同合作，才能让我在推特上发布那些极其深刻的想法。

Thanks Thought Bubble! So specialization makes people more productive, but Adam Smith said that it's trade that makes them better off. Assume that John can produce either pizza or t-shirts. If he's way better at making pizza, then he should specialize in making pizza and then trade with someone else like Hank who's way better at making t-shirts.

感谢Thought Bubble！专业化能提高人们的生产效率，但亚当·斯密指出，真正让人们生活变得更好的是贸易。假设约翰既能生产披萨，也能制作T恤。如果他做披萨的能力远强于制作T恤，那他就应该专门生产披萨，然后和汉克这样更擅长制作T恤的人进行交易。

Everyone knows Hank's better at making t-shirts, right? With trade, each of them can end up with more pizza and shirts than if they tried to make them on their own.

大家都知道汉克更擅长制作T恤，对吧？通过贸易，他们每个人最终能得到的披萨和T恤都会比自己独自生产时更多。

To fully explain this idea of the benefits of trade, we need to show you an economic model, but before we go any further, know that economists geek out over models and graphs.

为了全面解释贸易好处这一理念，我们需要向你展示一个经济学模型，但在进一步讲解之前，要知道经济学家们对模型和图表可是非常热衷的。

Don't get all worked up about the numbers; they're not that complicated. Models are just visuals to help us simplify and explain concepts. It's time for the model! So let's go to the runway.

别对这些数字太紧张了，它们没那么复杂。模型只是帮助我们简化和解释概念的可视化工具。现在该轮到模型登场了，让我们走上展示台吧。

Mr. Clifford: Now this is the first graph you'll see in an economics textbook. It's called the production possibilities frontier, or PPF. The PPF shows the different combinations of two goods being produced using all resources efficiently.

克利福德先生：现在这是你会在经济学教科书里看到的第一张图。它被称为生产可能性边界，简称PPF。PPF展示了在有效利用所有资源的情况下，两种商品产出的不同组合。

Now here's a made up example. If the United States uses all of its workers and factories to produce airplanes, it can produce 500 per day, but they can't produce any shoes. Now if they use all their resources to produce shoes, they can produce 1000 tons per day, but they can't produce any planes.

现在举一个虚构的例子。如果美国投入所有劳动力和工厂来生产飞机，每天可以生产500架，但无法生产任何鞋子。如果他们把所有资源都用来生产鞋子，每天可以生产1000吨鞋子，但无法生产任何飞机。

Now because the United States has limited resources, they can't produce any combination beyond the production possibilities frontier, so it's impossible to produce 500 planes and 1000 tons of shoes.

现在，由于美国的资源有限，他们无法生产超出生产可能性边界的任何组合，因此生产500架飞机和1000吨鞋子是不可能的。

Adriene: Wait wait wait, Mr. Clifford, I want to stop you here for a second. We don't live in a world where there are only two things that a country can produce. There are like a million things that US workers can choose to make: toilet paper, zippers, adorable stuffed kitty cats holding hearts, artisanal sauerkraut -- we don't live in a world of just shoes and airplanes, so what's the real world value of the production possibilities frontier?

阿德里安娜：等等，克利福德先生，我想在这里打断您一下。我们生活的世界里，一个国家能生产的东西可不止两种。美国工人可以选择生产的东西有成千上万种：卫生纸、拉链、抱着爱心的可爱毛绒小猫、手工酸菜——我们可不是生活在一个只有鞋子和飞机的世界里，那生产可能性边界在现实世界里的价值到底是什么呢？

Mr. Clifford: The idea is once you really understand that there's trade-offs between producing two goods, that same logic applies for any number of goods. Adding additional goods makes it more complex but doesn't really add any more insights, so economists usually just stick with two goods.

克利福德先生：核心观点是，一旦你真正理解生产两种商品之间存在权衡取舍，这一逻辑同样适用于任意数量的商品。增加更多商品会让情况变得更复杂，但并不会带来更多新的洞见，因此经济学家通常只研究两种商品的情况。

Now, what if American companies mismanage their resources and try to produce planes in shoe factories and shoes in plane factories? Well, they'd be at a point inside the production possibilities frontier, showing an inefficient use of resources. So every possible combination inside the curve is inefficient, and on the curve is efficient and outside the curve is impossible.

那么，如果美国企业管理不善，试图在鞋厂生产飞机、在飞机制造厂生产鞋子，会发生什么呢？它们就会处于生产可能性边界以内的某个点，这代表着资源的低效利用。因此，曲线内部的所有组合都是低效的，曲线上的组合是高效的，而曲线外部的组合是无法实现的。

Now let's compare this PPF to China's. China can produce 100 planes per day or 800 tons of shoes. Since the United States can produce more planes than China, they have an absolute advantage in the production of planes. The US also has an absolute advantage in the production of shoes.

现在我们将这条生产可能性边界与中国的进行比较。中国每天可以生产100架飞机或800吨鞋子。由于美国能生产的飞机数量多于中国，因此美国在飞机生产上具有绝对优势。美国在鞋子生产上同样具有绝对优势。

Since the US can produce more of both goods, you might think there's no reason to trade, that they should just produce both on their own. Well, no. Remember, specialization and trade makes people, and in this case countries, better off.

既然美国能够生产这两种商品，你可能会认为没有必要进行贸易，他们自己生产这两种商品就好了。但事实并非如此。请记住，专业化生产和贸易能让人们受益，在这个例子里，是让各个国家受益。

Now stick with me, let's calculate the opportunity cost for the United States to produce one plane. Every single time they produce an additional plane, it costs them two tons of shoes. China on the other hand gives up 8 tons of shoes for each plane they produce, and since the US has a lower opportunity cost, they have what's called a comparative advantage. China has a comparative advantage in the production of shoes.

现在请继续跟着我，我们来计算美国生产一架飞机的机会成本。每当他们多生产一架飞机，就要付出两吨鞋子的代价。而中国每生产一架飞机则要放弃八吨鞋子，由于美国的机会成本更低，他们就拥有了所谓的比较优势。中国在鞋子生产上具有比较优势。

But here's the best part, if the US specializes in planes, they can import shoes from China at a lower opportunity cost than if they produce shoes themselves. For example if these two countries make a deal to trade one plane for four tons of shoes, The US would be better off.

但最妙的是，如果美国专门生产飞机，他们从中国进口鞋子的机会成本会比自己生产鞋子更低。举个例子，如果这两个国家达成协议，用一架飞机交换四吨鞋子，那么美国的境况会更好。

They would rather get four tons of shoes per plane from China than only get two tons per plane by making shoes on their own. Now, China is also better off. They would rather trade four tons of shoes for a plane than give up 8 tons for producing a plane on their own.

他们宁愿每架飞机从中国获得四吨鞋子，也不愿自己生产鞋子，每架飞机只能运两吨。现在中国的境况也更好了。中国宁愿用四吨鞋子换一架飞机，也不愿为了自己生产一架飞机而付出八吨鞋子的代价。

Now hopefully your head isn't spinning. Being able to do these calculations is good, but it's more important to understand the main idea. Individual and countries should specialize in producing things in which they have a comparative advantage and then trade with other countries that specialize in something else. This trade is mutually beneficial.

希望现在你还没有被绕晕。能够进行这些计算固然很好，但更重要的是理解核心思想。个人和国家都应该专门生产自己具有比较优势的产品，然后与专门生产其他产品的国家进行贸易。这种贸易是互利的。

Now that's the production possibilities frontier. In the real world, it's way more complicated than this simplified model, and we're only in the beginning.

这就是生产可能性边界。在现实世界中，情况比这个简化模型要复杂得多，而我们才刚刚开始探讨。

Adriene: So this graph is super simplified, but the idea that countries should focus on producing the products for which they are better suited is huge. Way huge.

阿德里安娜：这张图表虽然非常简化，但各国应专注于生产自身更具优势的产品这一理念至关重要，极其重要。

In reality, the US is the world's leading manufacturer and exporter of airplanes. It produces more than 40% of all planes. At the same time, the US produces less than 2% of the world's shoes, electing instead to import them from countries in Asia. The graphs aren't real, but the concepts are.

实际上，美国是全球领先的飞机制造国和出口国，其产量占全球飞机总产量的40%以上。与此同时，美国生产的鞋类不足全球的2%，而是选择从亚洲国家进口。这些图表并非真实数据，但所呈现的概念是成立的。

Another reason you should learn this is because you might hear a politician or someone on the news argue that international trade destroys domestic jobs, and even though it may seem counterintuitive, economists for centuries have argued that trade is mutually beneficial to whoever's trading. Now you know why.

另一个你应该学习这个知识点的原因是，你可能会听到政客或新闻里的人声称国际贸易会摧毁国内就业，尽管这听起来可能有悖直觉，但几个世纪以来经济学家一直认为贸易对所有参与方都是互利的。现在你就明白原因了。

Now to be fair, there are all sorts of other intolerable issues associated with international trade, like child labor, dangerous working conditions and pollution, and we promise to address these in a future video. But if there's one point on which most economists agree, it's that specialization and trade makes the world better off.

公平地说，国际贸易还伴随着各种其他难以容忍的问题，比如童工、危险的工作环境和污染，我们承诺会在未来的视频中讨论这些问题。但如果说大多数经济学家有一个共识，那就是专业化分工和贸易能让世界变得更好。

No country in recent decades has achieved sustained improvements in living standards without open trade with the rest of the world. Countries like Cuba, Venezuela, Zimbabwe, and Iran that are voluntarily or involuntarily cut off from the world remain less economically developed than they could be.

近几十年来，没有任何一个国家在不与世界其他地区开展开放贸易的情况下实现生活水平的持续提升。那些主动或被动与世界隔绝的国家，如古巴、委内瑞拉、津巴布韦和伊朗，其经济发展水平始终未能达到本可达到的高度。

On the other hand, countries that have opened their doors to trade like Japan and Taiwan, or, more recently, China and India, have seen massive improvements in their standards of living.

另一方面，日本、台湾，以及近年来的中国和印度这些开放贸易的国家和地区，其生活水平都得到了大幅提升。

Mr. Clifford: Adam Smith was on to something. Self-sufficiency is inefficiency and inefficiency can lead to poverty.

克利福德先生：亚当·斯密说得有道理。自给自足就是低效率，而低效率会导致贫困。

Adriene: Next time we'll show you how some of these ideas get turned into economic systems and how these systems contribute to the differences between countries.

阿德里安娜：下一期我们会向大家展示这些理念是如何转化为经济体系的，以及这些体系如何造成各国之间的差异。

Thanks so much for watching, we'll see you next week.

非常感谢大家的观看，我们下周再见。

Crash Course is made with the help of all these nice people who've explored the far reaches of the production possibilities frontier to bring you this show. If you want to keep Crash Course for everyone forever, please consider subscribing over at Patreon. Patreon is a voluntary subscription service that allows you to pay whatever you want monthly and make Crash Course exist. Thanks for watching. Don't forget to be irrationally exuberant.

Crash Course 是在所有这些优秀人员的协助下制作完成的，他们竭尽所能拓展生产可能性边界的极限，只为给大家带来这档节目。如果您希望 Crash Course 能永远为所有人提供，请考虑在 Patreon 上订阅支持。Patreon 是一个自愿订阅平台，您可以每月支付任意金额，支撑 Crash Course 的持续运营。感谢观看，别忘了保持那份非理性的热情与活力。

下载应用

流利口语所需的一切

AI 发音评分逐句打分

音标练习掌握每个音

词汇学习建立你的词库

词汇游戏边玩边学

扫码

Download on theApp Store Get it onGoogle Play

同频道

Remembering and Forgetting: Crash Course Psychology #14

Daily ConversationUniversity Students

Crash Course US History Preview

Daily ConversationUniversity Students

What's all the Yellen About? Monetary Policy and the Federal Reserve: Crash Course Economics #10

Daily ConversationUniversity Students

FOR YOU

背景与上下文

在这段对话中，Adriene Hill 和 Mr. Clifford 讨论了经济学的基本概念，特别是专门化和贸易的重要性。他们指出，经济学并不是难以理解的学科，反而是生活中无处不在的选择和资源的合理分配。通过历史的视角，展示了经济如何影响人类社会的发展和繁荣。他们提到，专门化可以提高生产力，而贸易则是让不同领域的生产者能够共享资源，以达到双赢的效果。

日常交流中的五个常用短语

经济学是研究稀缺和选择的学科。 (Economics is the study of scarcity and choices.)
专门化可以提高生产力。 (Specialization can increase productivity.)
贸易使人们更富裕。 (Trade makes people better off.)
资源的有效利用是关键。 (Efficient use of resources is key.)
比较优势是理解贸易的基础。 (Comparative advantage is the basis for understanding trade.)

逐步跟读指南

要有效提升你的英语口语能力，尤其是在经济学这样复杂的主题上，以下是逐步跟读的指导：

选择适当的片段： 从视频中选取1-2分钟的内容，确保这个部分包含较为清晰的对话和解说。
播放原声： 首先只听一次，让自己理解内容大致意思。在此过程中，可以尝试用自己的话重复或总结。
逐句跟读： 暂停视频，反复播放每一句话，并尽量模仿发音和语调。这是进行英语影子跟读的关键部分。
对比反思： 完成跟读后，回过头去再听原声，注意自己在发音和语调上的不足，并加以改进。
整合练习： 最后，尝试用视频中的短语进行造句，模拟日常交流场景，例如在雅思口语练习中使用它们。

通过这种“影子跟读” (“shadow speak”) 方法，你将能够更有效地利用“看 YouTube 学英语” 的资源，提升自己的英语能力。将自己置于真实的对话中，专注于语速和发音，能极大地提高你的语言自信心。这将帮助你在实际交流中更流利、更自然地表达自己。

视频中的语法

说话人最常用的结构，并附上视频中的原话：

结构	视频中的用法
现在完成时 have/has + 过去分词 — 过去发生但与现在仍有关联的事	has taken · have argued · has achieved
被动语态 be + 过去分词 — 强调发生了什么，而不是谁做的	can be explained · was designed · being produced

什么是跟读法？

跟读法 (Shadowing) 是一种有科学依据的语言学习技巧，最初开发用于专业口译员的培训，并由多语言者Alexander Arguelles博士普及。这个方法简单而强大：您在听英语母语原声的同时立即大声重复——就像是一个延迟1-2秒紧跟说话者的影子。与被动听力或语法练习不同，跟读法强迫您的大脑和口腔肌肉同时处理并模仿真实的讲话模式。研究表明它能显着提高发音准确性，语调，节奏，连读，听力理解和口语流利度——使其成为雅思口语备考和真实英语交流最有效的方法之一。

影子跟读法: 阅读完整分步指南 →

跟读练习: Specialization and Trade: Crash Course Economics #2 - 通过视频学习英语口语

选择练习模式

下载应用

Remembering and Forgetting: Crash Course Psychology #14

Crash Course US History Preview

What's all the Yellen About? Monetary Policy and the Federal Reserve: Crash Course Economics #10

Crash Course Sex Ed Preview

Meet Your Master - Getting to Know Your Brain: Crash Course Psychology #4

Derivatives: Crash Course Physics #2

Introduction to Astronomy: Crash Course Astronomy #1

Indus Valley Civilization: Crash Course World History #2

Ancient Egypt: Crash Course World History #4

What is Engineering?: Crash Course Engineering #1

The Persians & Greeks: Crash Course World History #5

The Secret to Business Writing: Crash Course Business - Soft Skills #3

Supervised Learning: Crash Course AI #2

Why Are US Politics Today So Divisive?: Crash Course US Government #1

Where Do Diamonds Come From?: Crash Course Geology #8

Tissues, Part 1: Crash Course Anatomy & Physiology #2

Psychological Research: Crash Course Psychology #2

Writing Systems: Crash Course Linguistics #16

Where Did Democracy Come From, and Does It Still Work?

The Nucleus: Crash Course Chemistry #1

International Trade Explained

The Human Economy in the Age of AI | Ben Pascut | TEDx

Macroeconomics: Crash Course Economics #5

Not Adam Smith? The Forgotten Economic Genius of Ibn Khaldun

Fall of Britain: Why Britain Is Collapsing Into a TRAP? ( And cant Escape) Economic case study

Critical Thinking Lecture: an introduction to critical thinking

Revolutions in Science and Tech: Crash Course European History #44

World economy in the age of uncertainty | Vietnam Today

Everything we learned in 29 minutes at Harvard Business School (part 1)

Amartya Sen interview (1999)

Every Major Economic Theory Explained in 20 Minutes

Cursed Units 2: Curseder Units

背景与上下文

日常交流中的五个常用短语

逐步跟读指南

视频中的语法

什么是跟读法？