跟读练习: Stack Data Structure In STL | C++ Tutorial - 通过视频学习英语口语

In this video, we're going to learn about the stack data structure class template that's built into the C++ standard template library.

So a data structure stores a collection of data and stacks are a type of data structure.

Stacks are very commonly used in practice, so they're included directly in the C++ standard template library.

Stacks are a last in first out data structure.

What

that means is the last element that's put into the data

structure is going to be the first element out of the data structure.

So a stack data structure works like a stack of plates or books.

For example, we could have a stack data structure to store integer values.

And when we insert elements onto the stack, we say that we push them onto the stack.

When we remove elements from the stack, we say that we pop them from the stack.

So for example, if we pushed the element 5 onto the stack, 5 would be here.

We could call this the bottom of the stack.

We could then push the element 7 onto the stack, and 7 would go here.

We would say that 7 is at the top of the stack.

Then we could push another element onto the stack.

So we could push 9 onto the stack.

9 would then be the new top of the stack.

Now if we popped an element off this stack, it's always going to be removed from the top of the stack.

So if we popped an element off this stack here it would be this element here that's popped

and then seven would become the new top of the stack

and we could keep popping elements from the stack

and eventually the stack would be empty where an empty stack

is a stack with no elements we would say this stack here has a size of two

because the stack has two elements and there's also typically an operation which allows us to view the top of the stack.

It's usually called peak.

In C++, it's called top.

So let's try out the stack data structure that's built into the C++ standard template library.

The first thing we'll do is include the stack library.

This will allow us to declare and use stack objects.

Then down here, we'll declare a stack object to store in values called numbers.

So this will declare a stack object to store in values called numbers.

Now initially this stack is going to be empty and it's going to have a size of zero.

Stack objects have size and empty methods

that we can use to check the size of a stack and to check whether it's empty or not.

So let's call those methods.

Here we'll output size colon

and then we'll call numbers .size where size is going to return the size of the stack

and we'll output that then we'll also call the empty method to check

if the stack is empty so

if numbers .empty is true then we'll output here stack is empty followed by an end line

so the empty method is going to return true if the stack is empty and false otherwise.

So right now, if we save compile and run the program, we'll get that the stack has a size of zero and that the stack is empty, both of which are correct.

So now let's push an element onto the stack.

We'll have here numbers .push and we'll push the value eight onto the stack.

Now, if we check the size of the stack, the size should now be one.

Let's try that we'll copy this and down here we'll paste it

and if we save compile and run the program now

we see the size is now one we could also check

if the stack is not empty so now we'll have if

not numbers dot empty is true so in other words if the empty function now returns false

then we'll output stack is not empty followed by an end line

and if we save compile

and run the program we'll now get stack is not empty

we can also retrieve the value at the top of the stack using the top method

so we could call here numbers dot top

and this is going to return the value that's at the top of the stack.

We'll output that.

We'll have here top colon and we'll output the value at the top of the stack followed by an end line.

And if we save compile and run the program, we'll now get the value at the top of the stack is eight.

And that makes sense because right now eight is the only thing on the stack.

We could try to push a few more values onto the stack

so right now we have eight at the bottom of the stack which is also the top of the stack.

We could push on, let's say, the value 9.

We'll have numbers .push and then 9.

So then at this point, 9 would become the new top of the stack and 8 would still be at the bottom of the stack.

We could also push on the value 5.

We could have numbers .push 5.

And then 5 would be at the top of the stack and the stack would now have a size of 3.

So let's output the size and top after performing these operations.

Down here, we'll output the top again with cout top and numbers .top.

We'll also output an endline for spacing and we'll also output the new size.

So we'll have cout and size colon and we'll have numbers .size to output the size followed by an end line.

And now if we save compile and run the program, we'll get that the new top of the stack is five and the new size of the stack is three,

both of which are correct.

So then we could also pop a value from the stack.

So for example, with this stack here, if we pop a value from the stack, it's going to be the element five that's removed from the stack.

so let's try that we'll use the pop method of the stack object to do that we'll have here numbers .pop

now this method is only going to remove the element at

the top of the stack it's not going to return it

so we'll output here the new top of the stack

and the new size of the stack we'll copy these and paste them after the pop.

So now if we save compile and run the program, we'll get that the new top of the stack is nine and the new size of the stack is two,

both of which are correct because here we have nine at the top of the stack

and the size of the stack is now two.

Now again, the pop method is not going to return the value that's removed from the stack.

So we're going to lose it if we don't save it.

So what we may want to do is save the value in a variable.

For example, we could have here int popped value is equal to,

and we'll call numbers .top to return the value that's currently at the top of the stack

and save it into this variable here.

Then we can pop the value, but we still have the value saved in this variable here.

So we could output that we could have cout

and let's say popped value colon

and we'll output the pop value followed by an inline and

if we save compile

and run the program we'll see the pop value is five

the previous top of the stack before we pop the value

off the stack now we can also use the swap method to swap the contents of two stacks.

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So for example, let's declare another stack to store int values.

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We'll have here stack int, and we'll call this stack other stack.

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Then we'll push the value four onto the stack.

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So we'll have other stack dot push four.

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So this stack only has one value on the stack.

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We could output the size of the stack here.

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We could have cout

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and then other stack size colon we'll output the size of the other stack

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and we'll also output an end line as well.

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So now if we save compile and run the program, we'll get here that this other stack has a size of one.

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We can now swap this stack with our original stack numbers.

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So we could have other stack and then dot swap to call the swap method and we'll pass it numbers.

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And this will swap the contents of the two stacks.

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So other stack should now have the two values nine and eight and numbers should now have the one value four.

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Let's output the size of the stacks to confirm this.

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So we'll output here an end line and then we'll output the size of other stack.

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So we'll copy this and paste it here

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and we'll also put the size of the number stack with numbers size colon

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and we'll output numbers dot size

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and then we'll output end lines as well one after outputting the other stack size

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and another after outputting the number stack size so now if we save compile and run the program,

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we'll see the other stack size is two and the number stack size is one.

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So we can tell these stacks have been swapped.

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Now the type int is a primitive type in C++.

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We can also push objects onto a stack using the push method.

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If we use the push method to push objects onto the stack, a copy of the object is going to be created.

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There's also a method called in place.

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The in place method will actually forward its arguments to the constructor of the object

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and create an object for the purposes of the stack.

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Let me show you the difference.

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The first thing we'll do is define our own class called employee.

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So up here we'll define a class called employee and this is going to be a pretty simple class.

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We'll have one public member variable called days.

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The constructor for employee objects

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is going to accept an int as an argument called days

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and we'll set the days member variable to the days value that's provided.

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We'll also output in this constructor constructor called

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and the number of days just

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so we can verify the constructor has been called followed by

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an inline we'll also create what's called a copy constructor the

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copy constructor is called to create a copy of the object

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its parameter is going to be a reference parameter of the same type of this object here employee

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so we'll have const employee and then end employee and we'll output here that the copy constructor has been called.

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So we'll have copy constructor called and we'll output the days in this object here followed by an end line.

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And we'll also set this copy objects days to match the days of the object that it's copying.

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So we're making a copy of this object here.

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So we're going to take its days value and set the days member variable of this employee object to that value.

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So then down here, we'll declare a stack to store employee objects.

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We'll have stack employee, and we'll call this stack to store employee objects, employee underscore stack.

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We'll create an employee object called Joe.

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We'll have employee Joe, and we'll have 10, and maybe 10 is the number of days that Joe worked, then we'll push Joe onto the stack.

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So we'll have employee stack dot push Joe.

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So now if we save compile and run the program,

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we'll get this constructor called 10 and then again, copy constructor called 10.

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So what's happened here is two objects have been made.

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Originally, we made the Joe object here.

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then when we push Joe onto the stack, a copy of the Joe object is made.

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So be aware of the fact that's how it works.

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Now we could also use a method called emplace,

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and the emplace method will actually forward its arguments to the constructor of this type of object that the stack is storing, in this case here, employee.

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And it's going to create an object that's going to exist on the stack.

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So if we have here employee stack and we call the emplace method

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and we pass it let's say 20 what's going to happen

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is 20 is going to be passed to an employee object constructor

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and the employee object that's created is going to be pushed onto the stack.

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So if we save compile and run the program notice this this time we only get constructor called 20

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No copy constructor is called.

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So in the case of Joe, the Joe object was created, and when we push Joe onto the stack, a copy of that object was created.

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Here, that's not occurring.

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Here, what's happening is the object is being created and placed directly on the stack.

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Now, notably, if we call the top method to retrieve the element at the top of the stack, and we assign the result to an employee variable,

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at that point the copy constructor is going to be called.

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So if we had let's say employee and we'll have maybe top employee is equal to employee stack dot top.

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At this point the copy constructor will be called to make a copy of that employee object.

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So if we save compile

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and run the program we'll find now a copy has been made of that object at the top of the stack.

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Now when we pop an object from the stack, the destructor for that object is going to be called.

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So we could have a destructor in our employee class.

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We'll have here tilde employee.

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And again, we'll make a very simple destructor.

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What we'll do is just output that the destructor has been called.

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So we'll have cout and then destructor.

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and called and we'll put the days followed by an inline.

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So now down here, if we pop the top element from the stack, we'll see that destructor is called.

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So what we'll have is employee and then stack and we'll have dot pop to pop the top element from the stack.

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I'm actually going to comment out this line here and this line here and this line here.

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So we can just focus on this one element at the top of the stack.

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So right now, if we save compile and run the program, we'll see here that we get destructor called 20.

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So when we pop that object from the stack, the destructor was called.

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So in C++, the implementations of different data structures like stacks and queues that come with the standard template library are called containers.

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In particular, the stack container is called a container adapter.

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It's called a container adapter because underlying a stack object is going to be a container object of a different type.

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So there might be something like a vector

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or a DQ container object that's really behind the scenes where

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the stack object is kind of like a limited interface

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that allows us to access that other object in a limited way that conforms to the rules of a stack, which is important.

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The last in first out behavior of stack data structure elements is what makes stacks useful in certain scenarios like parsing.

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So this is how we can use stacks in the C++ standard template library.

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Check out portfoliocourses .com where we'll help you build a portfolio that will impress employers.

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Thank you.

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誰適合這支影片？

這支影片適合具備基礎C++知識、想學習STL容器的初級程式設計者，也適合需要鞏固堆疊資料結構概念的自學者。無論你是在校學生還是轉行學員，只要想瞭解「後進先出」（LIFO）機制的實際應用，或是想熟練使用STL中的stack類別，這部教程都能幫你快速上手。

值得積累的詞彙與表達

stack data structure：堆疊資料結構。一種遵循「後進先出」原則的資料存儲方式，類似現實中疊放的盤子或書本。
push：入棧。將元素添加到堆疊頂部的操作。
pop：出棧。從堆疊頂部移除元素的操作。
top：查看堆疊頂部元素（C++中稱為top，不同語言可能稱為peak）。
template library：模板庫。C++標準庫的重要組成部分，提供可重用的資料結構和演算法。

如何模仿正確口音？

這段講解的語速中等，發音清晰，適合用於shadow speech（影子跟讀）練習。以下是幾個發音重點：

stack：注意/k/的清輔音發音，不要帶濁化，類似「斯塔克」（輕讀尾音）。
push和pop：短元音/ʊ/要發得飽滿，類似「鋪室」和「泡普」（尾音輕快）。
template：重音在第一個音節/ˈtɛmplət/，類似「坦普雷特」（避免讀成「湯普雷特」）。
連讀現象：如「data structure」會連讀成/ˈdeɪtə ˈstrʌktʃər/，注意兩個單詞間的輕聲過渡。

建議反覆跟讀「So a stack data structure works like a stack of plates or books」這類句子，感受語調的起伏和停頓，提升英语口语练习的流暢度。對於準備雅思口语练习的學員，這種邏輯清晰的講解風格也值得借鑒，可鍛煉說理時的條理性。

看視頻學英語的小技巧

除了學習程式設計知識，還能通過以下方式提升英語能力：

邊看邊記錄專業術語，並整理成詞彙表，加深記憶。
嘗試用英語復述「堆疊的工作原理」，鍛煉口語表達和邏輯思維。
模仿講者的語氣和停頓，錄下自己的跟讀音頻並對比，找出發音差距。

這種「技能+語言」雙重學習的方式，能讓你在提升程式設計能力的同時，紮實練好英語，可謂一舉兩得。

视频中的语法

说话人最常用的结构，并附上视频中的原话：

结构	视频中的用法
被动语态 be + 过去分词 — 强调发生了什么，而不是谁做的	be removed · have been swapped · be created
现在完成时 have/has + 过去分词 — 过去发生但与现在仍有关联的事	have been swapped · has been called · have been made
定语从句 who / which + 从句 — 补充说明人或事物	stack which is · stack, which is

什么是跟读法？

跟读法 (Shadowing) 是一种有科学依据的语言学习技巧，最初开发用于专业口译员的培训，并由多语言者Alexander Arguelles博士普及。这个方法简单而强大：您在听英语母语原声的同时立即大声重复——就像是一个延迟1-2秒紧跟说话者的影子。与被动听力或语法练习不同，跟读法强迫您的大脑和口腔肌肉同时处理并模仿真实的讲话模式。研究表明它能显着提高发音准确性，语调，节奏，连读，听力理解和口语流利度——使其成为雅思口语备考和真实英语交流最有效的方法之一。

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誰適合這支影片？

值得積累的詞彙與表達

如何模仿正確口音？

看視頻學英語的小技巧

视频中的语法

什么是跟读法？