تدريب Shadowing: After watching this, your brain will not be the same | Lara Boyd | TEDxVancouver - تعلم التحدث بالإنجليزية مع YouTube

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Translator: Jessica Lee Reviewer: Denise RQ So how do we learn?

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Translator: Jessica Lee Reviewer: Denise RQ So how do we learn?

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And why does some of us learn things more easily than others?

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So, as I just mentioned, I'm Dr. Lara Boyd.

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I am a brain researcher here at the University of British Columbia.

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These are the questions that fascinate me.

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(Cheers) (Applause) So brain research is one of the great frontiers in the understanding of human physiology, and also in the consideration of what makes us who we are.

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It's an amazing time to be a brain researcher, and I would argue to you that I have the most interesting job in the world.

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What we know about the brain is changing at a breathtaking pace.

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And much of what we thought we knew and understood about the brain turns out to be not true or incomplete.

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Some of these misconceptions are more obvious than others.

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For example, we used to think that after childhood the brain did not, really could not change.

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And it turns out that nothing could be farther from the truth.

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Another misconception about the brain is that you only use parts of it at any given time and it's silent when you do nothing.

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Well, this is also untrue.

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It turns out that even when you're at a rest and thinking of nothing, your brain is highly active.

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So it's been advances in technology, such as MRI, that's allowed us to make these and many other important discoveries.

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And perhaps the most exciting, the most interesting and transformative of these discoveries is that, every time you learn a new fact or skill, you change your brain.

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It's something we call neuroplasticity.

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So as little as 25 years ago, we thought that after about puberty, the only changes that took place in the brain were negative: the loss of brain cells with aging, the result of damage, like a stroke.

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And then, studies began to show remarkable amounts of reorganization in the adult brain.

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And the ensuing research has shown us that all of our behaviors change our brain.

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That these changes are not limited by age, it's a good news right?

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And in fact, they are taking place all the time.

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And very importantly, brain reorganization helps to support recovery after you damage your brain.

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The key to each of these changes is neuroplasticity.

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So what does it look like?

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So your brain can change in three very basic ways to support learning.

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And the first is chemical.

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So your brain actually functions by transferring chemicals signals between brain cells, what we call neurons, and this triggered a series of actions and reactions.

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So to support learning, your brain can increase the amount or the concentrations of these chemical signaling that's taking place between neurons.

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Because this change can happen rapidly, this supports short-term memory or the short-term improvement in the performance of a motor skill.

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The second way that the brain can change to support learning is by altering its structure.

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So during learning, the brain can change the connections between neurons.

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Here, the physical structure of the brain is actually changing so this takes a bit more time.

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These type of changes are related to long-term memory, the long-term improvement in a motor skill.

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These processes interact, and let me give you an example of how.

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We've all tried to learn a new motor skill, maybe playing the piano, maybe learning to juggle.

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You've had the experience of getting better and better within a single session of practice, and thinking "I have got it." And then, maybe you return the next day, and all those improvements from the day before are lost.

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What happened?

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Well, in the short-term, your brain was able to increase the chemical signaling between your neurons.

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But for some reason, those changes did not induce the structural changes that are necessary to support long-term memory.

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Remember that long-term memories take time.

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And what you see in the short term does not reflect learning, It's these physical changes that are now going to support long-term memories, and chemical changes that support short-term memories.

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Structural changes also can lead to integrated networks of brain regions that function together to support learning.

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And they can also lead to certain brain regions that are important for very specific behaviors to change your structure or to enlarge.

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So here's some examples of that.

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People who read Braille have larger hand sensory areas in their brain than those of us who don't.

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Your dominant hand motor region, which is on the left side of your brain, if you are right-handed, is larger than the other side.

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And research shows the London taxi cab drivers who actually have to memorize a map of London to get their taxi cab license, they have larger brain regions devoted to spatial, or mapping memories.

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The last way that your brain can change to support learning is by altering its function.

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As you use a brain region, It becomes more and more excitable and easy to use again.

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And as your brain has these areas that increase their excitability, the brain shifts how and when they are activated.

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With learning, we see that whole networks of brain activity are shifting and changing.

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So neuroplasticity is supported by chemical, by structural, and by functional changes, and these are happening across the whole brain.

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They can occur in isolation from one or another, but most often, they take place in concert.

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Together, they support learning.

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And they're taking place all the time.

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I just told you really how awesomely neuroplastic your brain is.

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Why can't you learn anything you choose to with ease?

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Why do our kids sometimes fail in school?

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Why as we age do we tend to forget things?

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And why don't people fully recover from brain damage?

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That is: what is it that limits and facilitates neuroplasticity?

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And so this is what I study.

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I study specifically how it relates to recovery from stroke.

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Recently, stroke dropped from being the third leading cause of death in the United States to be the forth leading cause of death.

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Great news, right?

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But actually, it turns out that the number of people having a stroke has not declined.

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We are just better at keeping people alive after a severe stroke.

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It turns out to be very difficult to help the brain recover from stroke.

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And frankly, we have failed to develop effective rehabilitation interventions.

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The net result of this is that stroke is the leading cause of long-term disability in adults in the world; individuals with stroke are younger and tending to live longer with that disability, and research from my group actually shows that the health-related quality of life of Canadians with stroke has declined.

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So clearly we need to be better at helping people recover from stroke.

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This is an enormous societal problem, and it's one that we are not solving.

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So what can be done?

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One thing is absolutely clear: the best driver of neuroplastic change in your brain is your behavior.

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The problem is that the dose of behavior, the dose of practice that's required to learn new and relearn old motor skills, is very large.

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And how to effectively deliver these large doses of practice is a very difficult problem; It's also a very expensive problem.

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So the approach that my research has taken is to develop therapies that prime or that prepare the brain to learn.

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And these have included brain simulation, exercise, and robotics.

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But through my research, I've realized that a major limitation to the development of therapies that speed recovery from stroke is that patterns of neuroplasticity are highly variable from person to person.

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As a researcher, variability used to drive me crazy.

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It makes it very difficult to use the statistics to test your data and your ideas.

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And because of this, medical intervention studies are specifically designed to minimize variability.

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But in my research, it's becoming really clear that the most important, the most informative data we collect is showing this variability.

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So by studying the brain after stroke, we've learned a lot, and I think these lessons are very valuable in other areas.

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The first lesson is that the primary driver of change in your brain is your behavior, so there is no neuroplasticity drug you can take.

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Nothing is more effective than practice at helping you learn, and the bottom line is you have to do the work.

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And in fact, my research has shown increased difficulty, increased struggle if you will, during practice, actually leads to both more learning, and greater structural change in the brain.

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The problem here is that neuroplastcity can work both ways.

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It can be positive, you learn something new, and you refine a motor skill.

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And it also can be negative though, you forgot something you once knew, you become addicted to drugs, maybe you have chronic pain.

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So your brain is tremendously plastic, and it's been shaped both structurally and functionally by everything you do, but also by everything that you don't do.

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The second lesson we've learned about the brain is that there is no one-size-fits-all approach to learning.

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So there is no recipe for learning.

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Consider the popular belief that it takes 10,000 hours of practice to learn and to master a new motor skill.

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I can assure you it's not quite that simple.

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For some of us, it's going to take a lot more practice, and for others it may take far less.

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So the shaping of our plastic brains is far too unique for there to be any single intervention that's going to work for all of us.

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This realization has forced us to consider something call personalized medicine.

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This is the idea that to optimize outcomes each individual requires their own intervention.

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And the idea actually comes from cancer treatments.

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And here it turns out that genetics are very important in matching certain types of chemotherapy with specific forms of cancer.

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My research is showing that this also applies to recovery from stroke.

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There're certain characteristics of brain structure and function we called biomarkers.

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And these biomarkers are proving to be very helpful and helping us to match specific therapies with individual patients.

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The data from my lab suggests it's a combination of biomarkers that best predicts neuroplastic change and patterns of recovery after stroke.

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And that's not surprising, given how complicated the human brain is.

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But I also think we can consider this concept much more broadly.

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Given the unique structure and function of each of our brains what we've learned about neuroplasticity after stroke applies to everyone.

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Behaviors that you employ in your everyday life are important.

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Each of them is changing your brain.

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And I believe we have to consider not just personalized medicine but personalized learning.

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The uniqueness of your brain will affect you both as a learner and also as a teacher.

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This idea helps us to understand why some children can thrive in tradition education settings and others don't; why some of us can learn languages easily and yet, others can pick up any sport and excel.

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So when you leave this room today, your brain will not be the same as when you entered this morning.

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And I think that's pretty amazing.

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But each of you is going to have changed your brain differently.

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Understanding these differences, these individual patterns, this variability and change is going to enable the next great advance in neuroscience; it's going to allow us to develop new and more effective interventions, and allow for matches between learners and teachers, and patients and interventions.

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And this does not just apply the recovery from stroke, it applies to each of us, as a parent, as a teacher, as a manager, and also because you are at TEDx today, as a lifelong learner.

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Study how and what you learn best.

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Repeat those behaviors that are healthy for your brain, and break those behaviors and habits that are not.

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Practice. Learning is about doing the work that your brain requires.

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So the best strategies are going to vary between individuals.

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You know what, they're even going to vary within individuals.

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So for you, learning music may come very easily, but learning to snowboard, much harder.

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I hope that you leave today with a new appreciation of how magnificent your brain is.

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You and your plastic brain are constantly being shaped by the world around you.

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Understand that everything you do, everything you encounter, and everything you experience is changing your brain.

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And that can be for better, but it can also be for worse.

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So when you leave today, go out and build the brain you want.

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Thank you very much.

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(Applause)

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