تدريب Shadowing: World War 2: 1939 - تعلم التحدث بالإنجليزية عبر الفيديو
جارٍ إنشاء الدرس...
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The War
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Scares of 1930 In Europe,
3
the war scares of 1938 leave many shaken.
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Some believe the moment of greatest danger has passed.
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British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain hopes they are right, but in his own words, he is preparing for the worst.
6
He and his French counterpart, Édouard Deladier, are now committed to large-scale rearmament,
7
in their bid to deter Hitler from further expansion.
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British military spending has increased dramatically in the last four years.
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In 1939, British aircraft production increases threefold on the previous year,
10
and by late summer overtakes Nazi Germany for the first time.
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France is now spending a third of its national budget on defence, and has also launched a major programme to replace thousands of obsolete aircraft.
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Hitler, meanwhile, remains intent on eastward expansion, as part of his plan to make Germany economically self-sufficient,
13
and to acquire living space for its people.
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And he will not let the Munich Agreement stand in his way.
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At Spring, he deliberately stokes a crisis in the Czechoslovak Republic, between the government and Slovakian fascists.
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Then on the pretext of maintaining law and order, he orders German troops to cross the border.
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Hitler warns of stern reprisals if his troops encounter any resistance.
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So Czech forces are ordered to stand down.
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This time there are no cheering crowds to welcome the German troops.
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Hungarian forces simultaneously invade Transcarpathia, in the east of the country.
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In a matter of days, Czechoslovakia has ceased to exist.
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Hitler annexes the western provinces of Bohemia and Moravia.
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It is a major windfall for Germany.
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Most of Czechoslovakia's gold, foreign currency, raw materials, steel and armaments industries fall into German hands,
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and are put to work in the service of Goering's four-year plan.
26
In France and Britain, there is outrage, but also a newly discovered sense of clarity and unity.
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The mask has slipped.
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Hitler had insisted he only sought to reunite ethnic Germans.
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That lie is now plain for all to see.
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Appeasement is dead.
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The public mood in both countries swings firmly behind, standing up to Hitler.
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In France, Parliament votes to give Deladier emergency powers to prepare for war.
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In Britain, peacetime conscription is introduced, for the first time in 300 years.
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In late March, Hitler has another success, using threats to secure the former East Prussian province of Memoland from Lithuania,
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lost under the Versailles Treaty.
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It is clear where the next flashpoint will be.
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Hitler now demands the free city of Danzig, and access across the so-called Polish Corridor,
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territory taken from Germany by the Versailles Treaty.
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Poland offers no concessions to Hitler, and in April the Führer decides on military conquest.
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Poland will be brought within the new German Empire, and become its colony within Europe.
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In a dramatic break with earlier policy, Chamberlain publicly guarantees Poland military support if it is attacked.
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France makes the same pledge.
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How they will support Poland if Germany attacks is a puzzle left unresolved, but a line has, at last, been drawn.
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Hitler denounces the guarantees as warmongering, unjustified, hypocritical meddling in Germany's backyard.
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So far his political instincts, his timing and decisions appear masterful.
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He has led the Reich to success after success, in a series of unopposed territorial expansions.
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Fate has appointed me to bring the Germans to greatness, he declares, and sure of success once more,
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issues orders for the invasion of Poland to begin in August 1939.
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Mussolini, once regarded as Europe's preeminent strongman, does not wish to be outdone by Hitler.
50
To remind the world of Italy's own imperial ambitions, he orders the invasion of Albania,
51
a one-sided contest completed within a few days.
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The following month, Mussolini persuades Hitler to publicly reaffirm their alliance, in a new treaty, the Pact of Steel.
53
In Spain, 1939 witnesses the bloody final chapter of the country's two-and-a-half-year civil war.
54
In February, Catalonia falls to the nationalists.
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It prompts an exodus of republican refugees.
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Nearly half a million cross the Pyrenees into France, where they are held in primitive camps.
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Madrid itself finally falls in March.
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Franco's victory is complete.
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Spain's civil war has claimed an estimated 350,000 lives.
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It has seen fascists do battle with communists, and German forces trial new weapons and tactics.
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Both sides have carried out atrocities and mass executions.
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A grim foreshadowing of the global war to come.
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Japan's plans for imperial expansion are centred on China.
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In 1938, its armies had won a series of major victories over Chiang Kai-shek's nationalist forces,
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but failed to deliver a knockout blow.
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As a result, Prince Conaway, who'd promised a rapid victory, resigns as Prime Minister in January 1939.
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In February, Japan's Special Naval Landing Forces occupy Hainan to further disrupt foreign supplies reaching the Chinese interior.
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But Japanese attempts to follow up on the capture of Wuhan encounter stiff resistance.
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Nanchang is taken, but at high cost,
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while an offensive in Hubei province fails to make ground.
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The Japanese army seems to be losing its operational edge, hamstrung by the vast distances involved,
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problems of supply, and a growing shortage of men and equipment.
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Behind the front line, Chinese nationalists and communists wage a guerrilla war,
74
ambushing envoys, picking off troops, wearing down Japanese morale.
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The Japanese must also maintain a strong presence to the north, where border tensions between their puppet state,
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Manchogwa, and the Soviet Union flare up into open fighting.
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Japan's Kwantong army chooses to escalate,
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but later that summer is heavily defeated by the Red Army on the Khalkhin-Gol River.
79
Japanese tactics and weaponry that have proved so effective in China are no match for Soviet firepower.
80
The architect of victory is a 42-year-old Russian general,
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Georgi Zhukov, who makes bold use of combined arms tactics to overwhelm the enemy.
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The battle seems a remote sideshow, but the Japanese will draw important conclusions from its outcome,
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with major strategic ramifications.
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Defeat by the Soviets puts added pressure on General Nishio Toshizou, the new commander of Japan's China Expeditionary Army.
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In September, he launches an offensive against Zhongshan in Hunan province.
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But for the first time, a Chinese city successfully repels a Japanese attack.
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In November, Japanese forces land in Guangxi to tighten the blockade on China.
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Then, a nasty shock for the Japanese.
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Chinese forces, thought to be on the brink of collapse, launch a surprise winter offensive on multiple fronts.
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The attacks are fought off, but it is a clear sign that victory for either side is still a long way off.
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In the Soviet Union, Stalin continues to prioritise rearmament and industrialisation,
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at the cost of living standards and economic growth.
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Work life for Soviet citizens is increasingly regimented.
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More than a million workers forced labour in prison camps.
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Yet, despite Europe's mounting crisis,
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Soviet offers to join Britain and France in opposing German expansion have been consistently rebuffed.
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Most British politicians detest communism, and consider Stalin as untrustworthy as Hitler.
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Besides, reports indicate Stalin's purges have thrown the Red Army into chaos,
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and therefore Soviet military aid would count for little.
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Poland, for understandable historical reasons, has zero interest, or faith, in a Soviet military guarantee.
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In May 1939, Stalin appoints a new foreign minister, Wichislaw Molotov.
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That summer, his negotiations with Britain over an anti-Hitler alliance proceed at snail-like pace.
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Polish refusal to allow Soviet troops into Poland seems an insurmountable obstacle.
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But secretly, Molotov is also speaking with another potential partner.
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In late August, a Nazi-Soviet non-aggression treaty,
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the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact, is announced to the world.
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In the West, the news is a horrible shock, a complete bombshell.
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Such a move was thought impossible, given Hitler's obvious loathing for Soviet Russia.
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But Hitler is the supreme opportunist, and for now the treaty is invaluable.
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Not only does it rule out Soviet intervention in the event of a war over Poland, Hitler Hitler believes it also rules out British or French intervention.
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For without a Soviet partner, how can they possibly hope to defend Poland?
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There is also an economic agreement, by which Stalin agrees to supply Germany with much needed resources,
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including oil, iron ore and grain.
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Stalin is well aware that Hitler is an enemy in waiting, but he too sees major short-term gains.
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These come in the treaty's secret clauses, that divide Eastern Europe into Nazi and Soviet spheres of influence.
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While Hitler can now take Western Poland without fear of Soviet intervention, Stalin can push west without fearing a German response.
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He intends to create buffer zones to bolster Soviet security for the conflicts that surely lie ahead.
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He may even get to enjoy the spectacle of his capitalist rivals at war with each other.
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Both dictators intend to take full advantage of these new opportunities, without delay.
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The Nazi-Soviet
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Pact A month before the Nazi-Soviet pact is made public,
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a secret meeting takes place near Warsaw between the Polish, British and French intelligence services.
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The German military is using a new machine to encrypt its radio traffic, called Enigma.
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They believe it's unbreakable.
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Polish mathematicians have found a way to crack it, information they now share with their allies.
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British experts study Polish methods, and soon make their own breakthroughs.
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The significance of this work will not emerge for months, and will not be made public for decades.
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By late August, everything is in place for the German invasion of Poland.
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In public, Hitler mocks the leaders of Britain and France.
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But in private, he has a last-minute attack of nerves.
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He wants a short, sharp, local war – the war that had been denied him the previous year by the Munich Agreement.
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But there are signs that this time Britain and France mean what they say, that they will stand by Poland if it's attacked.
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Britain and Poland even commit to a formal Treaty of Alliance on the 25th of August.
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Mussolini has also just told Hitler that Italy isn't ready for war, and would remain neutral.
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For six days, Hitler hesitates.
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Finally, he reaches a decision.
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I have at last decided to do without the opinions of people who have misinformed me on a dozen occasions, he tells von Ribbentrop.
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I shall rely on my own judgement, which has in all these cases given me better counsel than the experts.
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On 31st August, Hitler gives the order to invade Poland.
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The next morning, the German battleship Schleswig-Holstein fires the first shots of the war, against Polish defences in Danzig.
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At dawn, the Luftwaffe strikes targets across Poland.
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German tank and infantry columns advance from East Prussia, Eastern Germany, and Slovakia.
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Geography means the Poles are virtually encircled from the outset,
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and massively outgunned by a German force that has spent years studying and perfecting the tactics of modern warfare.
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What's more, at the urging of Britain and France, Poland has delayed mobilising its own forces,
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so Hitler could not use it as a pretext for attacking.
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Britain and France immediately send ultimatums to Germany, demanding the withdrawal of their forces.
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There is no reply.
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And on 3rd September 1939, the two empires declare war on Germany.
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Since the early 1930s, the pursuit of empire by Japan,
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Italy and Germany had led to a string of international crises, and wars in Asia and Africa.
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But it had not yet become a world war.
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It changes when Hitler's miscalculation triggers war with Britain and France.
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France's declaration of war commits its entire overseas empire to the conflict.
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Britain's imperial arrangements are more complex, but its empire soon follows the motherland's lead,
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voluntarily, in the case of the Dominions, automatically elsewhere.
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Ireland is an exception, where the Taoiseach, Eamon de Valera, declares neutrality.
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Hitler not only faces a global war against the world's two largest empires,
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it is a war that he himself had predicted would not occur until 1943 or 1944.
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And it will soon emerge that Germany is not ready, in several crucial ways.
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Hitler is quick to blame the Jews for this turn of events.
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He has a delusional sense of Jewish influence over British and French policy.
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And so he will now wage two connected wars...
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Against Germany's imperial rivals...
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And his racial Jewish enemies.
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British and French rearmament has created powerful armed forces...
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On land, sea, and in the air.
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On paper, they're more than a match for Hitler's new Wehrmacht.
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But for all their imperial might, there is little either will do, in September 1939, to save Poland from its fate.
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Krakow falls to the Germans on the 6th of September.
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A Polish counter-attack along the Buzura River has some initial success, but the Germans quickly recover.
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Then on the 17th of September, a fatal blow.
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Soviet divisions cross the unguarded frontier from the east.
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They soon link up with German forces, and hold a joint military parade at Brest-Litovsk.
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Polish forces fight bravely, but have no chance.
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Warsaw is surrounded, and after heavy bombing, falls on the 28th of September.
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Polish military losses total 200,000 killed and wounded, and around 700,000 taken prisoner.
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Tens of thousands of civilians have also been killed, with widespread damage to towns and villages in the path of the fighting.
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As per the secret clauses of the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact, Poland is then partitioned by Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union.
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Parts of the German zone are directly annexed by Germany.
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The rest becomes the General Government, ruled by Nazi Governor-General Hans Frank.
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The Nazis and Soviets set about a ruthless liquidation of the Polish state, that begins with the arrest,
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deportation and mass murder of Polish leaders, intellectuals, aristocrats and priests.
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In the Nazi zone, they also target Jews.
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It is the start of a five and a half year occupation of infamous brutality.
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By the war's end, one in five Poles will have perished – 5.7 million in total.
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As Poland is overrun, France and Britain assemble 89 divisions along France's eastern border.
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With the bulk of the German army engaged in Poland, they outnumber German forces in the west more than two to one.
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But despite desperate appeals from the Polish High Command, their strategy has been determined months ago.
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It is the indirect approach… to use France's Maginot Line,
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and Britain's Royal Navy, to contain and blockade Germany.
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Air attacks will weaken the enemy, economic power will build up their own forces,
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and only then will they risk a direct attack on Germany.
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Poland will be saved, but by final Allied victory in a long war.
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The French army does launch one limited attack near Saarbrücken,
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advancing five miles into Germany, but then withdraws.
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British bombers, concerned about harming civilians, drop millions of leaflets over German cities.
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Made in activity, quickly dubbed the Boer War, or Phony War, eats at the morale of their troops,
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and hands all initiative to Hitler.
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Only at sea does the war seem to be fought in earnest.
201
Within hours of the declaration of war, a U-boat mistakes the liner SS Athenia for a warship,
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and sinks her in the North Atlantic, killing 117 civilians.
203
Six weeks later, another U-boat sneaks into the British naval base at Scapa Flow, and sinks the battleship HMS Royal Oak,
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with the loss of 800 lives.
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In months, both German and British navies are effectively waging unrestricted submarine warfare in designated combat zones,
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attacking all suspect ships on sight.
207
But at the outbreak of war, Germany only has 57 U-boats, seven of which are lost in the first weeks.
208
The 27 have the range to operate in the North Atlantic,
209
because Hitler's rearmament plans had not anticipated war with Britain in 1939.
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It will be years before U-boat production ramps up significantly.
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For now, the more immediate threat comes from German surface raiders, notably the heavy cruiser Admiral Graf Spee.
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On 30th September, she sinks a British merchant ship off the coast of Brazil.
213
She sinks eight more… before British cruisers corner her in Montevideo.
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There, the captain scuttles his ship, rather than risk her falling into enemy hands, or being interned by neutral Uruguay.
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On 6th October, in a speech to the Reichstag, Hitler celebrates victory over Poland,
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and raises the possibility of peace negotiations with Britain and France.
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Chamberlain and Deladier dismiss the offer.
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They have no respect left for Hitler's words, and believe time is on their side.
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In November, Stalin makes a second push west, to expand the Soviet Union's buffer zones.
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This time the target is Finland, like Poland, once part of the Russian Empire.
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Everyone expects a rapid Soviet victory, but the Finns mount a skilful and determined defence.
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They hold the Mannerheim line against repeated attacks,
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and use an improvised weapon they dub the Molotov cocktail to destroy Soviet tanks.
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The Finns are also much better prepared for winter war.
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As temperatures plunge to minus 40 degrees Celsius, Red Army soldiers freeze to death,
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while Finnish soldiers ski through the forests to lay ambushes and mount hit-and-run attacks.
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Britain and France discuss sending military aid to Finland,
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but there is concern that provoking a war with the Soviet Union would be unwise at the present time.
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Instead, the League of Nations condemns the Soviet Union's attack, and expels it from the League – its last major act.
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In November, Hitler visits Munich, to mark the anniversary of the 1923 Beer Hall Putsch,
231
a seminal moment in the early history of the Nazi party.
232
He leaves early.
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Just 13 minutes later, a bomb explodes, bringing down half the hall and killing eight.
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The would-be assassin is 36-year-old carpenter Georg Elser.
235
He is arrested and sent to Dachau concentration camp, where he is executed in April 1945.
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Hitler believes he has been spared by providence.
237
He returns to Berlin to continue planning the invasion of France, which he wants to launch as soon as possible.
238
But the harsh winter, and opposition from most of his generals, persuades him to postpone the operation until the following spring.
239
When it comes, it will lead to one of the most stunning military upsets in history, as World War II spreads across Europe,
240
across the oceans, and into the skies.
241
Now that war has been declared, we'll be covering World War II year by year.
242
Every front, every campaign, every major battle.
243
And if you want to be first to see all future episodes, as well as new episodes of our Napoleon's 100 Days series,
244
head over to prestige streaming service Nebula.
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Featuring original, funny, fascinating and insightful content,
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Our latest recommendation – History's Most Daring Raids, an exclusive Nebula Plus series created by our friends Real Time History.
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Their latest episode covers US naval officer Jesse Elliott's audacious theft of two British warships in 1812.
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And for everyone else watching, we hope to see you there soon!
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of Poland, the Siege of Warsaw is a largely forgotten battle of World War II, but saw heroism and courage on an epic scale.
261
Soldiers and civilians were mobilised in the city's defence, and faced some of the largest air raids ever seen.
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But they continued to repel German attacks, until a shortage of food and water forced their surrender.
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Poland's commander-in-chief, Sikorsky later awarded the city the Silver Cross of the Order of Virtuti Militari.
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Big thanks to our series consultant, World War II historian, Professor Richard Overy.
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And to all our Patreon supporters, from builders such as Hugh Davies, Alexis Terbu, and Louis Roldan, to citizens like Tom Andrejko,
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Dylan Peltier, and Ryan White, and heroes like Suhendra Sulustio.
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المفردات وملاحظات التحدث لهذا الدرس
هذا الدرس في المحادثة بمستوى B2 مبني على الفيديو “World War 2: 1939”. أكثر الكلمات تكرارًا في الفيديو: Hitler, Soviet, German, Poland, Germany. يحتوي هذا الفيديو على 266 جملة و3406 كلمة للتدرب على الترديد. مدة الكلام 36:08. يتكلم المتحدث ببطء، بمعدل 94 كلمة في الدقيقة تقريبًا، فيكون لديك وقت لتقليد كل صوت. 74% فقط من الكلمات ضمن أكثر 3,000 كلمة شيوعًا في الإنجليزية، فالمفردات صعبة نسبيًا.
أهم المفردات في هذا الفيديو
أصعب 15 كلمة في الفيديو، مع النطق والمعنى:
| الكلمة | النطق | المعنى |
|---|---|---|
| pact اسم | /pækt/ | مُعَاهَدَة, مِيثَاق |
| tactics اسم | /ˈtæktɪks/ | تَكْتِيك |
| raid اسم | /ɹeɪd/ | مُدَاهَمَة |
| pretext اسم | /ˈpɹiːtɛkst/ | ذَرِيعَة, عُذْر |
| blockade اسم | /blɑˈkeɪd/ | حِصَار, مُحَاصَرَة |
| invade فعل | /ɪnˈveɪd/ | غَزَا, اِجْتاحَ |
| morale اسم | /məˈɹɑːl/ | رُوح مَعْنَوِيَّة |
| negotiation اسم | /nɪˌɡəʊ.ʃiˈeɪ.ʃən/ | مُفَاوَضَات, مُذَاكَرَات |
| fascist اسم | /ˈfæʃɪst/ | فَاشِسْتِيّ, فَاشِسْتِيَّة |
| persuade فعل | /pə(ɹ)ˈsweɪd/ | أَقْنَعَ |
| emerge فعل | /ɪˈmɝd͡ʒ/ | ظَهَرَ |
| shortage اسم | /ˈʃɔː(ɹ)tɪd͡ʒ/ | عَجْز |
| nationalist اسم | /ˈnæʃ.ə.nə.lɪst/ | قَوْمِيّ, قَوْمِيَّة |
| clause اسم | /klɔːz/ | جُمْلَة |
| scare فعل | /skɛɚ/ | أَفْزَعَ |
الأفعال المركبة التي ستسمعها
| الكلمة | النطق | المعنى |
|---|---|---|
| carry out فعل | /ˈkæ.ɹi aʊt/ | شَغَّلَ, نَفَّذَ |
القواعد في هذا الفيديو
أكثر التراكيب التي يستخدمها المتحدث، مع العبارات نفسها من الفيديو:
| التركيب | في الفيديو |
|---|---|
| المضارع التام have/has + اسم المفعول — حدث ماضٍ ما زال له أثر الآن | has passed · has increased · has also launched |
| المبني للمجهول be + اسم المفعول — التركيز على ما يحدث لا على من يفعله | are now committed · are ordered · are put |
| جمل الوصل who / which + جملة — معلومة إضافية عن شخص أو شيء | people who have · judgement, which has |
نطق يحتاج إلى انتباه
يستخدم المتحدث 5 من الصيغ المختصرة، مثل can't, isn't, they're. انطقها بصيغتها القصيرة كما تسمعها.
- أصوات “sh” و“zh”: battleship /ˈbætəlˌʃɪp/, negotiation /nɪˌɡəʊ.ʃiˈeɪ.ʃən/, fascist /ˈfæʃɪst/, shortage /ˈʃɔː(ɹ)tɪd͡ʒ/, nationalist /ˈnæʃ.ə.nə.lɪst/
- الكلمات الطويلة — انتبه لموضع النبر: negotiation /nɪˌɡəʊ.ʃiˈeɪ.ʃən/, nationalist /ˈnæʃ.ə.nə.lɪst/, declaration /ˌdɛk.ləˈɹeɪ.ʃən/, anticipate /ænˈtɪs.ɪ.peɪt/, recommendation /ˌɹɛkəmɛnˈdeɪʃən/
أصوات يجدها متحدثو العربية صعبة:
- /p/ — ليس /b/: انطقه مع نفخة هواء: pact /pækt/, battleship /ˈbætəlˌʃɪp/, pretext /ˈpɹiːtɛkst/, persuade /pə(ɹ)ˈsweɪd/, anticipate /ænˈtɪs.ɪ.peɪt/
- /v/ — ليس /f/: مع اهتزاز الأوتار الصوتية: civilians /sɪˈvɪl.jənz/, invade /ɪnˈveɪd/, rival /ˈɹaɪvəl/, divide /dɪˈvaɪd/
- تتابع الصوامت — لا تضف حركة بينها: pact /pækt/, civilians /sɪˈvɪl.jənz/, tactics /ˈtæktɪks/, subscriber /səbˈskɹaɪbɚ/, pretext /ˈpɹiːtɛkst/
كيف تتدرب بهذا الفيديو
- استمع إلى الفيديو كاملًا مرة واحدة دون أن تتكلم، ودوّن الكلمات التي لا تعرفها.
- ردّد جملة جملة بالسرعة العادية، وكرّر كل جملة حتى يتطابق إيقاعك مع المتحدث.
- سجّل صوتك وقارنه بالأصل، مع الانتباه إلى كلمات مثل pact, tactics, raid.
ما هي تقنية التظليل الصوتي؟
التظليل الصوتي (Shadowing) تقنية تعلم لغة مدعومة علمياً، طُورت أصلاً لتدريب المترجمين الفوريين المحترفين. الطريقة بسيطة لكنها قوية: تستمع لصوت إنجليزي أصلي وتكرره فوراً بصوت عالٍ — كظل يتبع المتحدث بتأخير 1-2 ثانية. تُظهر الأبحاث تحسناً كبيراً في دقة النطق والتنغيم والإيقاع وربط الأصوات والاستماع والطلاقة.