Shadowing-Übung: Cerebral Cortex (Function, Covering, Lobes, Sulcus, Gyrus, Fissures) | Anatomy - Englisch Sprechen Lernen mit Video

Übungsmodus wählen

Jeder Modus öffnet einen Übungsraum im Vollbild.

259 Sätze

Wenn Sätze zu kurz oder zu lang sind, klicke auf Edit, um sie anzupassen.

What's up?

Meditaya here.

Let's continue the anatomy of the central nervous system.

In this segment, we will cover the anatomy of the cerebral cortex, which is what we call the external telencephalon.

So, the central nervous system consists of two parts, the encephalon and the spinal cord.

The encephalon is then further divided into specific parts.

We have the brainstem, which consists of the medulla, pons, and the midbrain, or the mesencephalon, we have the cerebellum back here, and then the diencephalon and the telencephalon.

Our focus in this video is going to be the telencephalon, which is this blue part here.

But if we change this picture into a little more realistic one, we will find the spinal cord, the medulla, pons, and the cerebellum.

And then the telencephalon would be the whole blue area right here.

Let's now make a vertical section just like this, cut it, and then look at the brain from this perspective, we will see this.

So this is what we call a coronal section of the brain.

And what we can see here is pons and the midbrain, which are a part of the brainstem, and the diencephalon.

The rest of the tissue you see in front of you is what is referred to as the tailencephalon, which is Latin for cerebrum.

When you look at the cerebrum, you will notice straight away that it consists of two hemispheres.

So the right hemisphere, and the left hemisphere.

And each of these two hemispheres are further are divided into two specific parts, the polyum and the subpolyum.

The polyum is sort of the two outermost layers of the brain, which are the cerebral cortex on the surface here, filled with nerve cell bodies,

and the white matter that is just underneath the cerebral cortex formed by myelinated axons.

The subpolyum consists of what we call the basal ganglia, which are nuclei located in the deep white matter of the telencephalon.

So again, the cerebral cortex is what we're going to focus on today.

So in this video, we're first going to look at the functions of the cortex.

Then we're going to go through the different surfaces and fissures.

While doing so, we will go through the dural septae because they're located within the fissures of the brain.

After that, we're going to go through all the sulci and geari associated with each lobe.

And then in the next video, we're going to talk about the rest of the polyum, which is white matter of the brain and the basal ganglia.

So the cerebral cortex is a highly folded sheet of neurons, which have a thickness of around 1 .5 to 5 mm,

depending on the region you're measuring.

Now, why do you think the cerebral cortex differ in thickness along different regions?

Well, to understand that, we need to have a basic understanding of the cortex layers.

So if you take a small sample of it and look at it underneath the microscope, you will see six distinct layers.

The molecular layer being the most superficial one, then the external granular layer, external pyramidal, internal granular, and internal pyramidal, and then the multiform layer.

The thickness of the cortex varies

because these layers differ in thickness depending on the functions of the specific area we're looking at.

For example, we got areas in the cerebral cortex we call sensory areas that receive sensory information from the body.

The primary somatosensory cortex receives information regarding somatic sensation.

These sensations detect things like touch, pain, temperature, and proprioception.

We have the primary visual cortex, which receives visual sensation through the optic nerve.

We got the primary auditory cortex, which receives auditory information through the cochlear nerve.

Through an MRI, in general, you will see that the sensory cortical areas are thinner on average, while the motor cortical areas,

specifically the primary motor cortex, are generally thicker.

And that is because the internal pyramidal layer has a denser amount of pyramidal cells,

which are the ones sending down motor pyramidal tracts like the corticospinal tract and the corticonuclear tract.

Between all the primary areas of the brain, we got association areas that interpret information from the primary sensory areas.

And based on that interpretation, we react and we communicate.

So in general, everything that goes through the cerebral cortex is conscious.

Everything that does not go through your cortex is subconscious.

And that is the general function of the cerebral cortex.

Now, again, we've got two hemispheres, the left hemisphere and the right hemisphere.

And this is what the surfaces of these hemispheres look like.

So let's talk about that a little bit.

Each cerebral hemisphere has three surfaces.

They have a medial surface, facing each other, an inferior surface, that faces the cerebellum, and a superior lateral surface,

which is the largest surface of each hemisphere.

So these are the surfaces.

But we also have large fissures here in this area.

We have one right here, called the longitudinal fissure, and these two, between the cerebrum and the cerebellum, called the transverse fissure.

And these fissures are occupied by a double fold of dura mater, called a dural septae.

And I'll show you what I mean by this if it's unfamiliar to you.

And we'll use this guide to help us illustrate this.

If we take a small piece of the upper part of the skull, we'll be able to see all the layers all the way from the skin to the brain.

So the superficial part is the skin, along with all the dermal layers.

Underneath the skin layers, we have the skull.

Directly underneath that, we have the benignis.

And then we have our brain tissue.

So these are the general layers.

But the meninges is essentially what I want to focus on, since that is what's primarily in the cerebral fissures we talked about earlier.

So the innermost meningeal layer is the pia mater, which is a delicate thin layer of connective tissue.

Then we have the arachnoid mater.

And in between the pia mater and the arachnoid mater, you'll find the subarachnoid space, where the cerebrospinal fluid flows.

And you will occasionally find these arachnoid granulations here that pushes out the cerebrospinal fluid from the cerebrospinal space into the veins,

completing the cerebrospinal fluid circulation.

And here just to quickly remind you about how the cerebrospinal fluid circulates around your brain.

Cerebrospinal fluid is produced by the choroidal plexuses inside the ventricles of our brain, which are the lateral, third, and the fourth ventricles.

This fluid will circulate around in the central canal and in the ventricles,

and eventually go through the lateral and medial apertures of the fourth ventricle into the subarachnoid space, which will then go through these arachnoid granulations,

and then into the bloodstream again.

So that is the functions of the arachnoid granulations.

They take the cerebrospinal fluid from the subarachnoid space, and then pushes it into the dural sinuses.

On top of the arachnoid motor lies the thickest of the meninges, called the dura mater.

And there are two layers that make up the dura mater within our skull.

There's a periosteal layer, lining the internal surface of the skull.

And the meningial layer, that is continuous within the brain and the spinal cord.

These two dural layers are bound together, and only when they separate, that is when they form the dural sinuses and the dural septae.

So the dural septae restricts displacement of the brain, just like a seatbelt.

The Falk cerebrae is the first one we're gonna talk about.

So if we take the brain and cut it right about here, we will see this.

We will see the Faux cerebri located inside the longitudinal fissure between each cerebral hemisphere.

And again, it's formed by the double layer of the meningeal part of the dural matter.

Faux means sickle, like this, because the Faux cerebri is formed like a sickle within the longitudinal fissure, as you see here.

Then we have the Tentorium cerebelli.

So if we cut the brain right about here, that's where we will find the Tentorium cerebelli.

Tentorium means tent.

So the Tentorium cerebelli is like a tent above the cerebellum, lying within the transverse fissure of the brain.

So if we take a look at this picture, the blue here is our periosteal layer of the dura mater, and in red, there is the meningeal layer of the dura mater.

And notice the periosteal layer fuses at the foramen magnum, and the meningeal layer goes all the way down the spinal cord.

That's why there's only one dura mater layer in the spinal cord region.

So now what we're gonna do is that we're gonna take this cross section and move it back a little bit.

That's where we're going to find the Fulx cerebelli between the two hemispheres of the cerebellum.

100

So we got the Fulx cerebri, Tentorium cerebelli, and Fulx cerebelli.

101

These are the dural septae of our brain.

102

So if we go all the way back to the fissures we were talking about, the Fulx cerebri is here in the longitudinal fissure,

103

the Tentorium cerebelli is located here in the transverse fissures of the cerebrum.

104

So that was the surfaces and fissures of the brain.

105

Let's now look at the lateral view to finally cover the lobes of the cerebral hemispheres.

106

So there are 5 lobes we're gonna talk about in this video.

107

And these are the frontal lobe, the parietal lobe, the temporal lobe, and the occipital lobe.

108

These beautiful lobes are the main large lobes on the surface of the hemispheres.

109

But we have a deep sulcus here between the frontal, parietal, and the temporal lobe called the lateral sulcus or sulcus of Silvius.

110

And if you would open this sulcus, you will find one more lobe which is situated a little deeper called the insula or insular lobe.

111

Now, these lobes are separated by sulci.

112

The first one is the sulcus we talked about, the lateral sulcus.

113

It separates the frontal lobe from the temporal lobe and the parietal lobe from the temporal lobe.

114

Another important sulcus we have is the central sulcus, or sometimes also referred to as the sulcus of Rolando.

115

The central sulcus separates the frontal lobe from the parietal lobe.

116

Another important sulcus is the parietal occipital sulcus, separating the parietal lobe from the occipital lobe.

117

So, these are the main landmarks I want you to keep in mind.

118

Let's now cover all the giri and sulci we will find on the frontal lobe.

119

The frontal lobe has a precentral sulcus that runs parallel and in front of the central sulcus.

120

Then there's the superior frontal sulcus and the inferior frontal sulcus.

121

These sulci separate the brain into certain giri.

122

Giri are bumps on the surface of the brain.

123

So the first gyri we have is a precentral gyrus that lies between the precentral and the central sulcus.

124

The precentral gyrus is what we call the primary motor cortex.

125

And each segment of this gyrus is responsible for the movement of certain parts of the body.

126

Because of this, you will find a map of this gyrus we call the motor homunculus.

127

And it looks like this.

128

So one part of the precentral gyrus is responsible for the movement of the lower extremity.

129

Another part is responsible for movement of the trunk, the upper extremity, and the face, and so on.

130

You've probably seen this figure somewhere in your life.

131

This figure is a disordered representation of a human body based on the neurological map of the areas

132

and proportions of the human brain dedicated to processing motor functions of specific areas.

133

So for example, you see the hands and the face are very big compared to the trunk.

134

That means that a greater portion of the precentral gyrus is dedicated for these areas.

135

And again, which layer of the cerebral cortex do these tracts come from?

136

The tracts come from the pyramidal cells of the internal pyramidal layer.

137

These tracts are what we call pyramidal tracts that give up voluntary movements.

138

They are the corticospinal tract and the corticonuclear tract.

139

So that is the precentral gyrus.

140

Now, above the superior frontal sulcus lie the superior frontal gyrus.

141

Between the superior and the inferior frontal sulcus lies the middle frontal gyrus.

142

And below the inferior frontal sulcus lie the inferior frontal gyrus.

143

These gyri are referred to as the prefrontal cortex and have association areas that make up our personality.

144

On the inferior frontal gyrus, you'll find an area called the Broca's area, which is the motor speech center.

145

It is involved in language, speech production, and comprehension.

146

So that was all the giri and sulci of the frontal cortex from a lateral view.

147

Now let's do the parietal lobe.

148

The parietal lobe has a post -central sulcus.

149

It's post because it lies after the central sulcus.

150

Then there's the intraparietal sulcus separating the parietal lobe into two lobules.

151

Alright, let's do the giri.

152

Here we will find the post -central gyrus, which is the primary somatosensory cortex.

153

And that again receives sensory information regarding touch, pain, temperature, and proper reception, which is basically the position of the different body parts.

154

And again, just like the pre -central gyrus, we can draw a map of the post -central gyrus as well, calling it the sensory homunculus,

155

which basically also have different regions receiving different sensations from different areas of the body.

156

So that is the postcentral gyrus.

157

The intraparietal sulcus divides the parietal lobe into two lobules.

158

Superior to the intraparietal sulcus lies the superior parietal lobule, which is an association area of the brain.

159

And below the intraparietal sulcus lies the inferior parietal lobule, which is also a sensory association area.

160

But here, you'll find two gyri.

161

You'll find the supramarginal gyri, lying above the end of the lateral sulcus, and the angular gyrus, which is the reading center of the brain.

162

This area gives us the possibility to understand written words and metaphors.

163

So that is the parietal lobe.

164

Next, we have the temporal lobe.

165

And the temporal lobe has the superior temporal sulcus and the inferior temporal sulcus.

166

And they divide the temporal lobe into three gyri.

167

First, we have the superior temporal gyrus.

168

Here you'll find the primary auditory cortex that receives auditory information.

169

Now, where did these neurons come from?

170

They come from the cochlea through the cochlear nerve.

171

This nerve will synapse with the cochlear nuclei, then cross and form the trapezoid body of Pons.

172

Then they will ascend as the lateral lemniscus, and synapse with the inferior curriculus.

173

And then through the brachium of the inferior curriculus, they will go to the medial geniculate body of the diencephalon, and then finally go to the nuclei of the primary auditory cortex,

174

which is here at the superior temporal gyrus.

175

And when they get here, you're consciously aware of the things you're hearing.

176

Another area you'll find on the superior temporal gyrus is the vernicus area, which is a sensory area of speech.

177

In In unfortunate situations where people receive a direct hit on the temporal side of the head, This area might get damaged.

178

And then the patient shows a condition called receptive aphasia, where their speech appears normal grammatically, but there's no meaning in what they're saying.

179

So for example, if they want to say, I'm going to the house, they will say, I am walking to head horse to the ice cream.

180

There's literally no sense in the words they're saying, but their speech appears normal grammatically.

181

So this area is crucial for speech.

182

And that is the superior temporal gyrus.

183

Then we have the middle temporal gyrus and the inferior temporal gyrus, which are association areas as well.

184

So that is the temporal lobe.

185

Next let's do the occipital lobe.

186

There is not much to say about this lobe from this perspective, as you're only seeing a small portion of it.

187

But if we turn this image to the other side, we can look at the medial surface of the cerebral hemispheres.

188

Let's now focus on the giri and sulci we will find in this area.

189

So let's remove the brainstem so that we can see as much of the cortex as possible.

190

So first off, we have a deep fissure here we call singular sulcus.

191

This sulcus continues backwards and eventually becomes the subparietal sulcus.

192

And what the sulcus does is that it separates the frontal lobe and the parietal lobe from the cingulate gyrus.

193

The gylus cinguli is a part of the limbic system, which is a system responsible for processing emotions and behavior regulation.

194

Then we have the paracentral sulcus and the marginal sulcus.

195

And in between them, there's an area we call the paracentral gyrus, which is a part of the precentral and the postcentral gyrus.

196

The majority of the frontal lobe, the blue area you see here, is a part of the superior frontal gyrus, which we looked at earlier.

197

Then, if we shift our focus to the posterior side, we will find the parietal occipital sulcus,

198

which remember, is the landmark between the parietal lobe and the occipital lobe.

199

In front of the parietal occipital sulcus, there's a pre -cuneus, which is an association area located in the parietal lobe.

200

But behind the parietal occipital sulcus, you will find cuneus, which is a part of the occipital lobe.

201

The cuneus contain the primary and the secondary visual cortex.

202

So let's go through the visual pathway again.

203

On the retina of the eyeball, we have receptors for the optic nerve, the second cranial nerve, that leaves the eyeballs.

204

Half of these tracts will cross the other side and form the optic chiasm.

205

Then they will synapse with the lateral geniculate bodies, and then go to the primary visual cortex, which is the cuneus of the occipital lobe.

206

When the nerve goes to the primary visual cortex, that is when we're consciously aware of what the eyes perceive.

207

These fibers can also go to the superior colliculi of the midbrain to activate reflex movement associated with vision.

208

So that's the cuneus.

209

Then we have a sulcus called sulcus calcarinus that separates the primary and the secondary visual cortex.

210

We have a collateral sulcus and we have an occipitotemporal sulcus that borders the occipital lobe from the temporal lobe.

211

The collateral circus separates the lateral occipitotemporal gyrus from the medial occipitotemporal gyrus and the parahippocampal gyrus.

212

The lateral occipitotemporal gyrus is sometimes referred to as the fusiform gyrus.

213

The medial occipitotemporal gyrus is sometimes referred to as the lingual gyrus.

214

And these two areas are what we call the visual association areas.

215

So they take in information from the primary visual cortex, and they give you the possibility to take past experiences,

216

let's say someone's face, or maybe even a flower or a facial expression, and it helps with recognition.

217

It gives meaning to the image you're seeing.

218

So the cuneus, the lateral occipitotemporal gyrus, and the medial occipitotemporal gyrus are all a part of the occipital lobe.

219

Awesome.

220

The parahippocampal gyrus is kind of a continuation of the cingulate gyrus, So it's also a part of the limbic system.

221

Lastly, the gyrus down here is the inferior temporal gyrus we talked about earlier.

222

So that's these.

223

What other structures do we see here?

224

We have the sulcus of the corpus callosum, which divides the tinglet gyrus from the corpus callosum.

225

The corpus callosum itself doesn't really have any actual function.

226

However, it's a really important part of the brain because it contains a lot of fibers that connect both hemispheres.

227

That's really what it does it just has fibers that go from the left hemisphere to the right hemisphere, and vice versa.

228

Now, another sulcus we can find is the hippocampal sulcus.

229

And that is a sulcus that divides the para -hippocampal gyrus from the dentate gyrus.

230

The dentate gyrus is a part of the hippocampus, which we will talk about in the next video.

231

And it contributes to forming new memory.

232

Now, from the para -hippocampal gyrus, it's going to continue as ancus.

233

And the ancus is a hook -like structure that is a part of the olfactory cortex, receiving information about smell.

234

The last thing I wanna mention here on the medial surface is a narrowing that is associated with the cingulate gyrus.

235

And that is the isthmus of the cingulate gyrus, which is located here in this area.

236

So that was all the structures on the medial surface.

237

Now if you look at the inferior view of the brain, we'll find the olfactory nerve, which is the cranial nerve number 1, and the optic chiasm of the optic tract.

238

The olfactory nerve lies on a sulcus called the olfactory sulcus.

239

And the olfactory sulcus divides the lower surface of the frontal lobe into two parts.

240

It divides it into the gyrus rectus, which is a part of the prefrontal cortex, and the orbital frontal giri,

241

or giri orbitalis, which is also a part of the prefrontal cortex.

242

On this giri, you'll find many small sulci called the orbital sulci or orbital frontal sulci.

243

So that was all of these lobes.

244

Lastly, let's open up the lateral sulcus and talk about the insular lobe.

245

Now, what I want you guys to know about the insula are two things.

246

One is that it's divided into the short giri of insula and the long gyrus of insula.

247

And two is that the insula is responsible for receiving taste sensation, so gustation.

248

The insula is what we call the gustation cortex because it perceives taste.

249

It tells us what kind of taste it is.

250

If it's sweet, if it's sour, if it's bitter, if it's salty, if it's umami, you know.

251

The other function of the insula is visceral sensation.

252

So sensation coming from the GI tract, the heart, the lungs.

253

If a person have gastroenteritis, the pain from that GI tract will go to the insula and make you aware of that.

254

The last function is that it's believed that this may be where your vestibular cortex is located.

255

And the vestibular cortex would be involved in your vestibular sensation, which is basically your sense of movement, right?

256

So static equilibrium and rotational acceleration and all of those things may go to the insula.

257

Alright guys, so that was a video about the cerebral cortex.

258

If you found this video helpful, please put a like, share, comment, whatever you find convenient to you.

259

The next video will be about the internal structures of the telencephalon.

App herunterladen

Alles, was du zum fließenden Sprechen brauchst

KI-AussprachebewertungJeder Satz bewertet

IPA-TrainingJeden Laut meistern

WortschatzBaue deinen Wortschatz auf

VokabelspielSpielend lernen

QR scannen

Download on theApp Store Get it onGoogle Play

Gleicher Kanal

YouTube Saved My Medical Career | A Cinematic Short Film

Daily ConversationUniversity StudentsWorking Adults

Liver Anatomy (Function, Topography, External Structures, Ligaments)

IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students

Innate Immune System: Simple Overview (Classification, General Factors) - Immunology

IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students

FOR YOU

Empfohlenes Video

69 Sätze

Was du lernst

Dieses Video hilft dir, komplexe Sachverhalte klar und strukturiert auszudrücken – ein unverzichtbarer Skill für Präsentationen oder wissenschaftliche Gespräche. Du übst auch, lange Sätze flüssig zu folgen, indem du die logische Aufteilung von Informationen (z. B. Funktionen, Strukturen) nachvollziehst. Zudem verbessert es dein Verständnis von fachspezifischem Vokabular (wie "Gyrus", "Sulcus" oder "Kortex"), das in akademischen Kontexten oft verwendet wird.

Höre auf diese Klänge

Achte auf Verbindungen zwischen Wörtern, wie "what’s up" → "wɒtsʌp" oder "let’s continue" → "lets kənˈtɪnjuː". Der Sprecher reduziert oft "of the" zu "əvðə" (z. B. "anatomy of the Central Nervous System" → "əˈnætəmi əvðə ˈsentrəl ˈnɜːvəs ˈsɪstəm"). Auch Flüssigkeit in der Aussprache ist wichtig: Lange Sätze werden durch Pausen nach Schlüsselbegriffen (z. B. "The cerebral cortex is a highly folded sheet of neurons, | which has a thickness of around 1,5-5 mm | depending on the region...") strukturiert.

Sprich wie ein Native

Um den Rhythmus des Sprechers zu kopieren, betone Schlüsselwörter wie "Funktionen", "Lappen" oder "Pyramidenzellen" – sie tragen die wichtigste Information. Nutze Shadowing-Techniken (auch "shadowspeak" genannt): Wiederhole den Sprecher direkt nach, ohne Pause. Achte auf die Stressmuster in zusammengesetzten Wörtern: "Cerebral Cortex" betont den ersten Teil ("ˈserəbrəl ˈkɔːrteks"), "Basal Ganglia" den zweiten ("ˈbeɪsl ˈɡæŋɡliə"). Übe auch die Reduktion von unstressed Syllables, z. B. "information" → "ˌɪnfəˈmeɪʃn" statt "ˌɪnfɔːrˈmeɪʃn". So verbessern sich nicht nur deine Aussprache, sondern auch dein Verständnis von natürlichem Englisch.

Mit "Englisch Shadowing" und Übungen zu "shadowspeak" oder "shadowspeaks" kannst du schnell lernen, die Flüssigkeit und Klartheit des Sprechers zu erreichen – ein wirksames Mittel, um deine Englische Aussprache zu verbessern!

Grammatik in diesem Video

Die Strukturen, die der Sprecher am häufigsten verwendet, mit den genauen Worten aus dem Video:

Struktur	Im Video
Passiv be + Partizip Perfekt – wichtig ist, was geschieht, nicht wer es tut	is referred · are divided · are occupied
Relativsätze who / which + Satz – eine Zusatzinformation über eine Person oder Sache	cortex, which is · telencephalon, which is · midbrain, which are

Was ist die Shadowing-Technik?

Shadowing ist eine wissenschaftlich fundierte Sprachlerntechnik, die ursprünglich für die professionelle Dolmetscherausbildung entwickelt und durch den Polyglotten Dr. Alexander Arguelles populär gemacht wurde. Die Methode ist einfach aber wirkungsvoll: Du hörst englisches Audio von Muttersprachlern und wiederholst es sofort laut — wie ein Schatten, der dem Sprecher mit nur 1–2 Sekunden Verzögerung folgt. Anders als passives Hören oder Grammatikübungen zwingt Shadowing dein Gehirn und deine Mundmuskulatur, gleichzeitig echte Sprachmuster zu verarbeiten und zu reproduzieren. Studien zeigen, dass es Aussprachegenauigkeit, Intonation, Rhythmus, verbundene Sprache, Hörverständnis und Sprechflüssigkeit signifikant verbessert — was es zu einer der effektivsten Methoden für die IELTS Speaking-Vorbereitung und reale englische Kommunikation macht.

Shadowing-Technik: die vollständige Schritt-für-Schritt-Anleitung lesen →

Shadowing-Übung: Cerebral Cortex (Function, Covering, Lobes, Sulcus, Gyrus, Fissures) | Anatomy - Englisch Sprechen Lernen mit Video

Übungsmodus wählen

App herunterladen

YouTube Saved My Medical Career | A Cinematic Short Film

Liver Anatomy (Function, Topography, External Structures, Ligaments)

Innate Immune System: Simple Overview (Classification, General Factors) - Immunology

Tissues, Part 1: Crash Course Anatomy & Physiology #2

How exercise benefits your body

Bell palsy

The different levels of how Claude thinks

Embryology of the Nervous System

Intro to Neuroscience, Overview and goals

Human Anatomy Eye

Cerebral Vascular Anatomy And Imaging

Everything You Need to Know About DNS: Crash Course System Design #4

Endodontics | Pulp Biology and Tooth Pain | INBDE, ADAT

The Engineering that Runs the Digital World 🛠️⚙️💻 How do CPUs Work?

Psycholinguistics: Crash Course Linguistics #11

Was du lernst

Höre auf diese Klänge

Sprich wie ein Native

Grammatik in diesem Video

Was ist die Shadowing-Technik?