Shadowing-Übung: How Were the Pyramids Actually Built? - Englisch Sprechen Lernen mit Video
Lektion wird erstellt...
1
This is the Great Pyramid of Giza.
2
For over 4 ,600 years it has endured in the Egyptian desert.
3
For most of human civilization, it was the tallest building in the world.
4
It was built to last for eternity because it was meant to house a god.
5
It has survived earthquakes, erosions and wars.
6
Countless plunderers, British explorers blasting their way in with dynamite, even Mr. Beast.
7
Someone 4 ,500 years ago put this rock right here.
8
The 2 .3 million stone blocks, some of a mass of up to 50 metric tons, make it one of the heaviest human -made objects of all time.
9
It's also built with incredible precision.
10
Its base is roughly the size of seven New York City blocks and almost perfectly level, never deviating more than an inch.
11
The four sides are aligned to the cardinal directions with near perfect accuracy, thousands of years before the compass was even invented.
12
To this day, no one has found out how exactly it was built.
13
To really understand the Great Pyramid, we modeled the whole thing, and we will tackle three fascinating theories of its construction.
14
This is the insane engineering of the pyramids.
15
This is Khufu, a pharaoh of ancient Egypt.
16
He's king of the wealthiest nation on the planet, and he's a god.
17
He's going to live forever, and he needs somewhere to live out his immortality, a home that will last.
18
It will need to be incredibly secure to house all of his riches, and it should also look amazing.
19
His father Sneferu, also a god, is buried here.
20
He's the pharaoh who taught Egypt how to build its pyramids, but the lines on his aren't quite perfect.
21
Something went wrong.
22
Khufu can do better.
23
He can bring even more glory to Egypt.
24
The nation is still mourning Sneferu's death.
25
Khufu wants to lift the people up by drawing them into the most incredible project humanity has ever attempted.
26
And then surely they'll love him, and later remember him, more than his dad.
27
A project as grand
28
and ambitious as the Great Pyramid can only be pulled off by a very wealthy and very organized nation.
29
The nation of Egypt is just that, thanks in large part to the Nile.
30
Every year, the Nile overflows and fertilizes the land with rich topsoil.
31
This gives ancient Egypt the ability to grow excess crops to keep its production well -fed and to sustain a standing army.
32
The army regularly goes out and terrorizes Egypt's neighbors, plundering their wealth to bring home for the pharaoh.
33
So Khufu has all the money he needs to build something very, very extra.
34
But money isn't everything.
35
Khufu also needs the smartest architect to design a building that will set him up for eternity.
36
There's only one man for the job, Khufu's half -brother, Hemi Unu.
37
He was born for the role, a once -in -a -generation genius.
38
The design for his pyramid won't just follow in his father's footsteps, it will surpass it in every way.
39
He envisions a pyramid far grander, more complex, and more secure than anything built before.
40
A true quantum leap and architectural mastery.
41
Hemi 'unu plans to build a pyramid primarily out of solid stone.
42
Inside will be three burial chambers, with a passageway leading to each.
43
The first is built underground, in case Khufu dies early into the pyramid's construction.
44
The second will be hidden behind a false wall, so nobody can plunder the riches inside.
45
Leading up to the third and highest burial chamber is a majestic corridor with stunningly high corbelled ceilings, the Grand Gallery.
46
The king's chamber will be breathtaking, a chance for Hemi -Unu to flex.
47
It'll be huge for ancient Egyptian standards.
48
It will be built entirely from pink granite monoliths, quarried far away from Aswan, fitted together so precisely that you couldn't slip a razor blade in between them.
49
Inside a granite sarcophagus Khufu will finally be laid to rest.
50
Once complete from the inside, the pyramid will be encased in perfectly smooth white limestone.
51
It will dazzle in the sunlight and gleam in the moonlight.
52
Finally, a golden capstone, the Pyramidian, will be placed on top.
53
Once all is put in place, Khufu will be ready for eternity.
54
Building a pyramid might take an empire, but to build your dream business, you only need Shopify.
55
Shopify is an amazing all -in -one platform.
56
We've personally used it since 2018 for a sustainable clothing project.
57
We started out with just an idea.
58
Thanks to Shopify, our brand now reaches customers around the world.
59
We built a beautiful storefront with ease.
60
We tracked orders seamlessly and get a ton of valuable insights from the dashboard.
61
One of our favorite tools is Shopify Live View.
62
You can see where customers are shopping in real time.
63
There are over 8 ,000 apps to customize your store, like sustainable shipping options or loyalty programs.
64
Shopify isn't just for online sales.
65
Shopify Point of Sell helps you sell IRL, perhaps in that pop -up store you always wanted to go for.
66
If you've been waiting for the perfect moment to start your own thing, this is it.
67
Any idea can grow into a fully developed global business with Shopify.
68
Try it free today at shopify .com slash fern or by scanning this QR code.
69
Hemi -Unu doesn't have time to waste.
70
The pyramid should be built as quickly as possible so
71
that at least one of the burial chambers is ready before Khufu's mortal self dies.
72
Hemi -Unu is aiming for a timeline of 20 years for the whole project.
73
He calculates that the Great Pyramid will require up to 25 ,000 builders, a significant portion of Ancient Egypt's population of about 1 million.
74
So a great recruitment drive begins.
75
But how exactly did they do it?
76
Well, nobody knows.
77
The debate's been raging for hundreds of years, and researchers are constantly uncovering new archaeological evidence and bizarre engineering quirks that give birth to new theories.
78
sometimes with cutting -edge tech, sometimes by sheer dumb luck.
79
There are theories supported by scientific research which we will cover, and there's tons of dubious theories that rely on wild speculation, which we'll ignore.
80
We've broken down three scientific theories about what the Egyptian secret could be in order of easy, medium, and hard.
81
Imagine you and some co -workers have to hoist a block as heavy as a double -decker bus, 130 meters into the air.
82
The only tools your boss gives you are some rope, some wood, and some rubble.
83
If you've got something heavy, you've got to move somewhere high.
84
The simplest, most straightforward way is to just drag it up a ramp.
85
You tie it with some rope, get help from as many people as can fit on the ramp, and heave it up together.
86
As the pyramid grows, the ramp would be raised and extended to accommodate the increasing height.
87
Easy.
88
No crazy advanced machinery necessary.
89
Most Egyptologists have traditionally supported the external ramp theory.
90
It continues to be the go -to explanation for how the builders pulled it off, and there's loads of archaeological evidence that confirms ancient Egyptians used big ramps for construction all the time.
91
But there's no consensus on the size, shape, and incline of such a ramp.
92
That's because, after a certain height, the external ramp theory starts to fall apart.
93
To move a two -ton block up a slope, you need a team of about 12 workers.
94
And as the pyramid starts to grow, your ramp either needs to become steeper or longer to reach the top.
95
You're going to want that incline to be as gentle as possible, otherwise the job is too intense and workers will start dropping like flies.
96
The remains of the workers suggest most were indecent but not spectacular health.
97
These were everyday people, not super elite athletes.
98
Many died before 40 due to the incredibly hard work.
99
Engineers calculated that 8 % is the steepest incline for average workers to complete their task.
100
In consequence, the ramp has to become longer.
101
To build a ramp to the full 147 meter height of the pyramid at a gentle enough incline, this ramp would need to be very, very long.
102
Like way more than a kilometer.
103
It'd require a few million tons of material, up to three times as much volume as the entire pyramid.
104
Remains of such an enormous ramp haven't been found.
105
And it would take thousands of workers decades just to build it.
106
Decades Khufu doesn't have to spare.
107
There is a way to keep the ramp shorter.
108
You could build a corkscrew ramp that spirals around the sides, like a road winding up a mountain.
109
Every time the pyramid grows, the ramp grows with it, and eventually just becomes part of the pyramid itself.
110
That would be a pretty ingenious way to save up on space and material, and it would explain why we haven't found any remains of a ramp.
111
But it comes with a whole new set of problems.
112
The pyramid's triangular faces need to be accurately maintained at precisely 51 .9 degrees from the bottom to the top.
113
surveyors need to measure the edges constantly to ensure there's no deviation.
114
If you're off by even a few centimeters at the bottom, the top could be off by several meters.
115
Since the spiral ramp blocks your site, it's almost impossible to ensure that all the lines of the pyramid are actually straight, which would leave you with a crooked pyramid at the end.
116
And as we know, the Great Pyramid is in fact not crooked.
117
This brings us to theory number two.
118
It's the late 90s.
119
A French engineer, Henri Audin, is watching a documentary about the pyramids.
120
It explains the pyramid construction with the external ramp theory, but Henri is skeptical.
121
To his engineering mind, it just doesn't make sense.
122
He calls up his architect's son, Jean -Pierre Audin, and asks his opinion.
123
Jean -Pierre is intrigued.
124
Without knowing much about ancient Egypt at all, or even visiting the pyramid, he starts puzzling over other ways the blocks could have been lifted.
125
He labors over it obsessively for years, until he's finally ready to share it with Egyptologists.
126
Most of them ignore him, he's an outsider, and it's a field notorious for gatekeeping.
127
But his theory has since gained traction, because Odan has put himself into the shoes of Emyounou, thinking through every last detail.
128
His theory could even explain how the heaviest granite beams might have been moved without needing to be hauled by 600 workers.
129
Here's a concise version.
130
Emi 'unu does use an external ramp for the first part of the pyramid, up to around 60 meters.
131
But he doesn't just build a basic ramp made of rubble.
132
No, his ramp is made of limestone, the limestone blocks that will later compose the upper layers of the pyramid.
133
That would explain why we haven't found any remains of a ramp around the pyramid.
134
They're right there in front of us.
135
The short external ramp is used to build the widest, lower levels of the pyramid.
136
It's also used to haul the heavy granite beams that compose the king's chamber.
137
But hundreds of workers hauling a 50 -ton block in a small space is logistically challenging, so Adam believes Emi -Unu used the long 46 -meter corridor,
138
the Grand Gallery, as an ingenious counterweight system.
139
It would have been built opposite the external ramp, and its size and slope would be leveraged with counterweights
140
that would assist workers in getting the granite up to the king's chamber.
141
The Grand Gallery is a weird space in the Great Pyramid, and it has details that puzzled archaeologists for a long time, like why it's so tall, so narrow, and why it has stone benches running along the inside.
142
O'Don believes the Grand Gallery helps move impossibly heavy stones by functioning like a railroad track.
143
The stone benches are actually the rails for carts on wooden rollers.
144
Remember, no wheels.
145
Essentially, a huge granite block at the bottom of the external
146
ramp would be attached with a rope to a trolley car
147
loaded up with heavy blocks at the top of the Grand Gallery.
148
When the trolley car is rolled down the Grand Gallery, the heavy granite block would be pulled up the ramp.
149
There's even evidence of scuffing from the repeated impact of something heavy in the Grand Gallery, so it's a possible explanation of what this unique corridor was used for.
150
Once the heavy granite beams are in place, the external ramp has served its purpose.
151
Now the pyramid is too tall for it to be practical, so the builders switch things up.
152
They dismantle the external ramp
153
and use its blocks to start building the rest of the pyramid from the inside out with an internal ramp, kind of like the driveway spiraling up inside a parking garage.
154
This second ramp would have been built from the bottom up, with an incline of about 7%.
155
It would go straight up until it hits one of the pyramid sides, where it would make a sharp left continue up another side at the same incline.
156
The ramp continues zigzagging up the pyramid, with the flights of the ramp getting shorter as the pyramid narrows.
157
From the bottom to the top, the internal ramp is over a kilometer long.
158
Moving heavy blocks up an incline is manageable, especially if you're using a sled over smooth limestone.
159
But each time the ramp turns a corner, the workers have the enormously difficult task of pivoting the heavy stones.
160
Odong calculates the ramp had to be less than three meters wide, and the workers would have needed somewhere to stand to turn the block.
161
So he proposes that at the end of each flight of the ramp, there must have been a big space left open for the workers to turn the block, possibly with the help of wooden levers or cranes.
162
The empty spaces would also be a nice place for the workers to catch their breath.
163
And there's actually evidence of one of these spaces.
164
There's a previously unexplained notch that corresponds to O'Don's predictions for what the spaces would look like, about 83 meters up the pyramid.
165
O'Don's theories about the Grand Gallery and the internal ramp offer viable solutions to two of the pyramid's biggest mysteries.
166
How two -ton blocks were lifted so high, and how 50 -ton beams were moved without the space for the hundreds of workers needed to haul them.
167
But if he's right, the ramp's design would have been highly complex.
168
Its path would have be designed with great care to avoid intersecting with any passageways or chambers within the pyramid.
169
Critics of his theory are either unconvinced that its construction is supported by archaeological evidence, or wave off the internal ramp as overcomplicated.
170
Many suggest the external ramp theory is likelier because it's simpler, but ancient Egyptian workmanship exhibits extraordinarily high levels of precision in so many aspects.
171
Why not also apply this ability to a highly sophisticated ramp design?
172
And also, why not entertain an even more sophisticated theory for how they built the pyramids?
173
In 2024, a flurry of newspaper articles announced that the mystery of the pyramids was finally solved, thanks to brand new archaeological evidence.
174
As it turns out, the Nile might just be the key to the mystery of how the pyramids were built.
175
Nowadays, the Giza Plateau lies in an arid strip of the Sahara Desert, kilometers away from the lush banks of the Nile.
176
But during the time that the pyramids were built, the landscape may have looked very different.
177
A 2024 study combined radar satellite imagery with deep -soil coring techniques.
178
This way it identified what appears to be a long -lost branch of the Nile flowing alongside the majority of the pyramids.
179
The pyramid builders probably used this branch to move heavy stones straight to the pyramid base, instead of dragging them all the way from distant quarries.
180
More than plausible that the builders used the Niles to transport the blocks horizontally.
181
But what about vertically?
182
Another peer -reviewed study from 2024 offers a fascinating theory.
183
It proposes a radical and controversial idea.
184
The ancient Egyptians might have used hydraulic power to raise heavy stones.
185
In other words, a water -powered elevator.
186
The idea of such an elevator is not new, but for a long time, credentialed Egyptologists considered such theories fringe and unscientific, just speculations cooked up by pyramidiates.
187
They might sound cool, but there was zero evidence to actually support them them.
188
Until, perhaps, now.
189
The researchers, including hydrologists, mechanical engineers and geographers, found evidence
190
that the earliest Egyptian pyramid could have been built using a
191
floating wooden elevator capable of raising heavy stones with far less human labor.
192
The water elevator would have worked something like this.
193
Rainfall and flood water would be collected into a nearby structure that functions as a dam.
194
A system of underground conduits guides that water into a shaft running from underneath the pyramid up through its central axis, kind of like a volcano.
195
This internal shaft is where all the upward movement is generated.
196
Within the shaft, floating on the water's surface, is a heavy wooden platform which workers would load up with heavy stones from the ground level.
197
Then they'd open and close valves near the bottom of the shaft, which would feed in or drain out the water.
198
Manipulating the water levels in this way would raise and lower the wooden platform like an elevator.
199
It could raise the platform to heights of at least 17 meters.
200
Then workers would unload the stones and construct the pyramid from the inside out.
201
The study's lead author claims his theories could also help explain why later ones aren't as large as the Great Pyramid.
202
As the climate dried out of the region over time, builders couldn't have captured enough water for a hydraulic lift system.
203
They'd have to rely on human strength to lift heavy stones.
204
So does this theory hold water?
205
Experts are mostly skeptical.
206
Zahi Hawass, a leading figure in Egyptology, says the theory is completely wrong.
207
The pyramid in the study is not only smaller than Khufu's Great Pyramid, but differs structurally and was built of far lighter stones.
208
So if Khufu's pyramid were built with some kind of water elevator, it would have to be bigger, but perhaps more complex.
209
So far, no comparable shaft is known to exist in the Great Pyramid.
210
Ramps, however, are found all over archaeological excavations of ancient Egypt.
211
So the most common theories continue to put forward some sort of ramp as the dominant construction model.
212
There are other potentially viable scientific theories that try to solve pieces of this puzzle.
213
One expert we spoke with suggests multiple smaller ramps from all sides to cut down on construction time.
214
But to this day, there is still no generally accepted theory for how they did it.
215
In any case, it's good to be wary of all the claims coming out about finally solving the mystery.
216
Everyone wants to be the one to definitively figure it out.
217
The Great Pyramid is the last of the seven wonders of the world we have left.
218
It's so old, even Cleopatra considered it ancient.
219
But even though they've been around thousands of years, it's actually very strange we haven't found any blueprints for the pyramids.
220
The ancient Egyptians were obsessive documenters.
221
We have their tax records, their love poems, their receipts for donkey feed purchases from 4 ,000 years ago.
222
But papyri with plans for the pyramids have never been found.
223
Whether the plans were lost, hidden, or intentionally destroyed, we don't know.
224
But what we do know, and what science might be at the brink of confirming, is already very incredible.
225
In 2017, scientists discovered a mysterious void in the Great Pyramid using cutting -edge particle physics.
226
Researchers have yet to access these spaces.
227
Some archaeologists believe the big void isn't so mysterious, that it's probably just structural, built as a stressful leaving spaces so the inner chambers wouldn't collapse.
228
Some believe it helped refine Udan's theory of the Grand Gallery counterweight system.
229
Others, including Egypt's top archaeologist, Zahi Hawass, suggest the void might be Khufu's real burial chamber.
230
Because that's the other great unsolved mystery of the pyramids.
231
Khufu's mummy and all of his treasures have never been found.
232
Whatever it's for, the big void reveals there's a lot more investigation needed to fully understand the Great Pyramid.
233
Thank you.
📺 Gleicher Kanal
B22
The Only Nazi Hitler Feared
University StudentsWorking Adults
B21
The Hunt for the Charlie Kirk Shooter
Daily ConversationUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
B21
Hitler's Insane Train
University Students
B22
The Mutated Animals of Chernobyl
IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students
C11
The Dirty Business Behind Caffeine
Daily ConversationUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
B22
The Death of Educational Content on YouTube
Business EnglishUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
B2The Hunt for America's Smartest Killer
University StudentsWorking Adults
B2The Unsolved Murder in Room 1046
University StudentsWorking Adults
B2The World's Deadliest Child
IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepHigh School Students
✨ Empfohlenes Video
B21
399 Sätze
What’s Really Hidden Beneath the Pyramids of Giza? | The UnXplained
University StudentsWorking Adults
B21
373 Sätze
I built my dream podcast studio in Austin.
Business EnglishDaily ConversationUniversity Students
B24
68 Sätze
A world where fish are no longer forced to climb trees.
Business EnglishDaily ConversationHigh School Students
B21
325 Sätze
I've NEVER Seen A Climb This Hard.. And Nobody Talks About It
Daily ConversationUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
B21
193 Sätze
What Did Ancient Humans Actually Do All Day?
Daily ConversationUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
B23
106 Sätze
What's The Most Expensive Thing Ever?
Daily ConversationUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
B21
318 Sätze
I get excited about &.
British AccentDaily ConversationUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
B22
78 Sätze
The Robot Chess Player Scam
Daily ConversationUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
B21
40 Sätze
I MADE $15B WITH CHAT GPT
Business EnglishDaily ConversationUniversity Students
B22
32 Sätze
The world's most frustrating work of art
British AccentDaily ConversationUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
B23
159 Sätze
What If Jurassic Park Was Real? THEY ESCAPED
Daily ConversationUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
B23
212 Sätze
your city is full of fake buildings, here's why
Daily ConversationUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
Über diese Lektion
Was ist die Shadowing-Technik?
Shadowing ist eine wissenschaftlich fundierte Sprachlerntechnik, die ursprünglich für die professionelle Dolmetscherausbildung entwickelt und durch den Polyglotten Dr. Alexander Arguelles populär gemacht wurde. Die Methode ist einfach aber wirkungsvoll: Du hörst englisches Audio von Muttersprachlern und wiederholst es sofort laut — wie ein Schatten, der dem Sprecher mit nur 1–2 Sekunden Verzögerung folgt. Anders als passives Hören oder Grammatikübungen zwingt Shadowing dein Gehirn und deine Mundmuskulatur, gleichzeitig echte Sprachmuster zu verarbeiten und zu reproduzieren. Studien zeigen, dass es Aussprachegenauigkeit, Intonation, Rhythmus, verbundene Sprache, Hörverständnis und Sprechflüssigkeit signifikant verbessert — was es zu einer der effektivsten Methoden für die IELTS Speaking-Vorbereitung und reale englische Kommunikation macht.