Практика Shadowing: How Were the Pyramids Actually Built? - Изучайте разговорный английский по видео
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1
This is the Great Pyramid of Giza.
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For over 4 ,600 years it has endured in the Egyptian desert.
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For most of human civilization, it was the tallest building in the world.
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It was built to last for eternity because it was meant to house a god.
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It has survived earthquakes, erosions and wars.
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Countless plunderers, British explorers blasting their way in with dynamite, even Mr. Beast.
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Someone 4 ,500 years ago put this rock right here.
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The 2 .3 million stone blocks, some of a mass of up to 50 metric tons, make it one of the heaviest human -made objects of all time.
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It's also built with incredible precision.
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Its base is roughly the size of seven New York City blocks and almost perfectly level, never deviating more than an inch.
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The four sides are aligned to the cardinal directions with near perfect accuracy, thousands of years before the compass was even invented.
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To this day, no one has found out how exactly it was built.
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To really understand the Great Pyramid, we modeled the whole thing, and we will tackle three fascinating theories of its construction.
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This is the insane engineering of the pyramids.
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This is Khufu, a pharaoh of ancient Egypt.
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He's king of the wealthiest nation on the planet, and he's a god.
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He's going to live forever, and he needs somewhere to live out his immortality, a home that will last.
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It will need to be incredibly secure to house all of his riches, and it should also look amazing.
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His father Sneferu, also a god, is buried here.
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He's the pharaoh who taught Egypt how to build its pyramids, but the lines on his aren't quite perfect.
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Something went wrong.
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Khufu can do better.
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He can bring even more glory to Egypt.
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The nation is still mourning Sneferu's death.
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Khufu wants to lift the people up by drawing them into the most incredible project humanity has ever attempted.
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And then surely they'll love him, and later remember him, more than his dad.
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A project as grand
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and ambitious as the Great Pyramid can only be pulled off by a very wealthy and very organized nation.
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The nation of Egypt is just that, thanks in large part to the Nile.
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Every year, the Nile overflows and fertilizes the land with rich topsoil.
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This gives ancient Egypt the ability to grow excess crops to keep its production well -fed and to sustain a standing army.
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The army regularly goes out and terrorizes Egypt's neighbors, plundering their wealth to bring home for the pharaoh.
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So Khufu has all the money he needs to build something very, very extra.
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But money isn't everything.
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Khufu also needs the smartest architect to design a building that will set him up for eternity.
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There's only one man for the job, Khufu's half -brother, Hemi Unu.
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He was born for the role, a once -in -a -generation genius.
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The design for his pyramid won't just follow in his father's footsteps, it will surpass it in every way.
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He envisions a pyramid far grander, more complex, and more secure than anything built before.
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A true quantum leap and architectural mastery.
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Hemi 'unu plans to build a pyramid primarily out of solid stone.
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Inside will be three burial chambers, with a passageway leading to each.
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The first is built underground, in case Khufu dies early into the pyramid's construction.
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The second will be hidden behind a false wall, so nobody can plunder the riches inside.
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Leading up to the third and highest burial chamber is a majestic corridor with stunningly high corbelled ceilings, the Grand Gallery.
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The king's chamber will be breathtaking, a chance for Hemi -Unu to flex.
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It'll be huge for ancient Egyptian standards.
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It will be built entirely from pink granite monoliths, quarried far away from Aswan, fitted together so precisely that you couldn't slip a razor blade in between them.
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Inside a granite sarcophagus Khufu will finally be laid to rest.
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Once complete from the inside, the pyramid will be encased in perfectly smooth white limestone.
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It will dazzle in the sunlight and gleam in the moonlight.
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Finally, a golden capstone, the Pyramidian, will be placed on top.
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Once all is put in place, Khufu will be ready for eternity.
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We started out with just an idea.
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We tracked orders seamlessly and get a ton of valuable insights from the dashboard.
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Hemi -Unu doesn't have time to waste.
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The pyramid should be built as quickly as possible so
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that at least one of the burial chambers is ready before Khufu's mortal self dies.
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Hemi -Unu is aiming for a timeline of 20 years for the whole project.
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He calculates that the Great Pyramid will require up to 25 ,000 builders, a significant portion of Ancient Egypt's population of about 1 million.
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So a great recruitment drive begins.
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But how exactly did they do it?
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Well, nobody knows.
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The debate's been raging for hundreds of years, and researchers are constantly uncovering new archaeological evidence and bizarre engineering quirks that give birth to new theories.
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sometimes with cutting -edge tech, sometimes by sheer dumb luck.
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There are theories supported by scientific research which we will cover, and there's tons of dubious theories that rely on wild speculation, which we'll ignore.
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We've broken down three scientific theories about what the Egyptian secret could be in order of easy, medium, and hard.
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Imagine you and some co -workers have to hoist a block as heavy as a double -decker bus, 130 meters into the air.
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The only tools your boss gives you are some rope, some wood, and some rubble.
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If you've got something heavy, you've got to move somewhere high.
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The simplest, most straightforward way is to just drag it up a ramp.
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You tie it with some rope, get help from as many people as can fit on the ramp, and heave it up together.
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As the pyramid grows, the ramp would be raised and extended to accommodate the increasing height.
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Easy.
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No crazy advanced machinery necessary.
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Most Egyptologists have traditionally supported the external ramp theory.
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It continues to be the go -to explanation for how the builders pulled it off, and there's loads of archaeological evidence that confirms ancient Egyptians used big ramps for construction all the time.
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But there's no consensus on the size, shape, and incline of such a ramp.
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That's because, after a certain height, the external ramp theory starts to fall apart.
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To move a two -ton block up a slope, you need a team of about 12 workers.
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And as the pyramid starts to grow, your ramp either needs to become steeper or longer to reach the top.
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You're going to want that incline to be as gentle as possible, otherwise the job is too intense and workers will start dropping like flies.
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The remains of the workers suggest most were indecent but not spectacular health.
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These were everyday people, not super elite athletes.
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Many died before 40 due to the incredibly hard work.
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Engineers calculated that 8 % is the steepest incline for average workers to complete their task.
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In consequence, the ramp has to become longer.
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To build a ramp to the full 147 meter height of the pyramid at a gentle enough incline, this ramp would need to be very, very long.
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Like way more than a kilometer.
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It'd require a few million tons of material, up to three times as much volume as the entire pyramid.
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Remains of such an enormous ramp haven't been found.
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And it would take thousands of workers decades just to build it.
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Decades Khufu doesn't have to spare.
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There is a way to keep the ramp shorter.
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You could build a corkscrew ramp that spirals around the sides, like a road winding up a mountain.
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Every time the pyramid grows, the ramp grows with it, and eventually just becomes part of the pyramid itself.
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That would be a pretty ingenious way to save up on space and material, and it would explain why we haven't found any remains of a ramp.
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But it comes with a whole new set of problems.
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The pyramid's triangular faces need to be accurately maintained at precisely 51 .9 degrees from the bottom to the top.
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surveyors need to measure the edges constantly to ensure there's no deviation.
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If you're off by even a few centimeters at the bottom, the top could be off by several meters.
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Since the spiral ramp blocks your site, it's almost impossible to ensure that all the lines of the pyramid are actually straight, which would leave you with a crooked pyramid at the end.
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And as we know, the Great Pyramid is in fact not crooked.
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This brings us to theory number two.
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It's the late 90s.
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A French engineer, Henri Audin, is watching a documentary about the pyramids.
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It explains the pyramid construction with the external ramp theory, but Henri is skeptical.
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To his engineering mind, it just doesn't make sense.
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He calls up his architect's son, Jean -Pierre Audin, and asks his opinion.
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Jean -Pierre is intrigued.
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Without knowing much about ancient Egypt at all, or even visiting the pyramid, he starts puzzling over other ways the blocks could have been lifted.
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He labors over it obsessively for years, until he's finally ready to share it with Egyptologists.
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Most of them ignore him, he's an outsider, and it's a field notorious for gatekeeping.
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But his theory has since gained traction, because Odan has put himself into the shoes of Emyounou, thinking through every last detail.
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His theory could even explain how the heaviest granite beams might have been moved without needing to be hauled by 600 workers.
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Here's a concise version.
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Emi 'unu does use an external ramp for the first part of the pyramid, up to around 60 meters.
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But he doesn't just build a basic ramp made of rubble.
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No, his ramp is made of limestone, the limestone blocks that will later compose the upper layers of the pyramid.
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That would explain why we haven't found any remains of a ramp around the pyramid.
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They're right there in front of us.
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The short external ramp is used to build the widest, lower levels of the pyramid.
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It's also used to haul the heavy granite beams that compose the king's chamber.
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But hundreds of workers hauling a 50 -ton block in a small space is logistically challenging, so Adam believes Emi -Unu used the long 46 -meter corridor,
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the Grand Gallery, as an ingenious counterweight system.
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It would have been built opposite the external ramp, and its size and slope would be leveraged with counterweights
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that would assist workers in getting the granite up to the king's chamber.
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The Grand Gallery is a weird space in the Great Pyramid, and it has details that puzzled archaeologists for a long time, like why it's so tall, so narrow, and why it has stone benches running along the inside.
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O'Don believes the Grand Gallery helps move impossibly heavy stones by functioning like a railroad track.
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The stone benches are actually the rails for carts on wooden rollers.
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Remember, no wheels.
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Essentially, a huge granite block at the bottom of the external
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ramp would be attached with a rope to a trolley car
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loaded up with heavy blocks at the top of the Grand Gallery.
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When the trolley car is rolled down the Grand Gallery, the heavy granite block would be pulled up the ramp.
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There's even evidence of scuffing from the repeated impact of something heavy in the Grand Gallery, so it's a possible explanation of what this unique corridor was used for.
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Once the heavy granite beams are in place, the external ramp has served its purpose.
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Now the pyramid is too tall for it to be practical, so the builders switch things up.
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They dismantle the external ramp
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and use its blocks to start building the rest of the pyramid from the inside out with an internal ramp, kind of like the driveway spiraling up inside a parking garage.
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This second ramp would have been built from the bottom up, with an incline of about 7%.
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It would go straight up until it hits one of the pyramid sides, where it would make a sharp left continue up another side at the same incline.
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The ramp continues zigzagging up the pyramid, with the flights of the ramp getting shorter as the pyramid narrows.
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From the bottom to the top, the internal ramp is over a kilometer long.
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Moving heavy blocks up an incline is manageable, especially if you're using a sled over smooth limestone.
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But each time the ramp turns a corner, the workers have the enormously difficult task of pivoting the heavy stones.
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Odong calculates the ramp had to be less than three meters wide, and the workers would have needed somewhere to stand to turn the block.
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So he proposes that at the end of each flight of the ramp, there must have been a big space left open for the workers to turn the block, possibly with the help of wooden levers or cranes.
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The empty spaces would also be a nice place for the workers to catch their breath.
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And there's actually evidence of one of these spaces.
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There's a previously unexplained notch that corresponds to O'Don's predictions for what the spaces would look like, about 83 meters up the pyramid.
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O'Don's theories about the Grand Gallery and the internal ramp offer viable solutions to two of the pyramid's biggest mysteries.
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How two -ton blocks were lifted so high, and how 50 -ton beams were moved without the space for the hundreds of workers needed to haul them.
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But if he's right, the ramp's design would have been highly complex.
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Its path would have be designed with great care to avoid intersecting with any passageways or chambers within the pyramid.
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Critics of his theory are either unconvinced that its construction is supported by archaeological evidence, or wave off the internal ramp as overcomplicated.
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Many suggest the external ramp theory is likelier because it's simpler, but ancient Egyptian workmanship exhibits extraordinarily high levels of precision in so many aspects.
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Why not also apply this ability to a highly sophisticated ramp design?
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And also, why not entertain an even more sophisticated theory for how they built the pyramids?
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In 2024, a flurry of newspaper articles announced that the mystery of the pyramids was finally solved, thanks to brand new archaeological evidence.
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As it turns out, the Nile might just be the key to the mystery of how the pyramids were built.
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Nowadays, the Giza Plateau lies in an arid strip of the Sahara Desert, kilometers away from the lush banks of the Nile.
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But during the time that the pyramids were built, the landscape may have looked very different.
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A 2024 study combined radar satellite imagery with deep -soil coring techniques.
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This way it identified what appears to be a long -lost branch of the Nile flowing alongside the majority of the pyramids.
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The pyramid builders probably used this branch to move heavy stones straight to the pyramid base, instead of dragging them all the way from distant quarries.
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More than plausible that the builders used the Niles to transport the blocks horizontally.
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But what about vertically?
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Another peer -reviewed study from 2024 offers a fascinating theory.
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It proposes a radical and controversial idea.
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The ancient Egyptians might have used hydraulic power to raise heavy stones.
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In other words, a water -powered elevator.
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The idea of such an elevator is not new, but for a long time, credentialed Egyptologists considered such theories fringe and unscientific, just speculations cooked up by pyramidiates.
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They might sound cool, but there was zero evidence to actually support them them.
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Until, perhaps, now.
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The researchers, including hydrologists, mechanical engineers and geographers, found evidence
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that the earliest Egyptian pyramid could have been built using a
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floating wooden elevator capable of raising heavy stones with far less human labor.
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The water elevator would have worked something like this.
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Rainfall and flood water would be collected into a nearby structure that functions as a dam.
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A system of underground conduits guides that water into a shaft running from underneath the pyramid up through its central axis, kind of like a volcano.
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This internal shaft is where all the upward movement is generated.
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Within the shaft, floating on the water's surface, is a heavy wooden platform which workers would load up with heavy stones from the ground level.
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Then they'd open and close valves near the bottom of the shaft, which would feed in or drain out the water.
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Manipulating the water levels in this way would raise and lower the wooden platform like an elevator.
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It could raise the platform to heights of at least 17 meters.
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Then workers would unload the stones and construct the pyramid from the inside out.
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The study's lead author claims his theories could also help explain why later ones aren't as large as the Great Pyramid.
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As the climate dried out of the region over time, builders couldn't have captured enough water for a hydraulic lift system.
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They'd have to rely on human strength to lift heavy stones.
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So does this theory hold water?
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Experts are mostly skeptical.
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Zahi Hawass, a leading figure in Egyptology, says the theory is completely wrong.
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The pyramid in the study is not only smaller than Khufu's Great Pyramid, but differs structurally and was built of far lighter stones.
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So if Khufu's pyramid were built with some kind of water elevator, it would have to be bigger, but perhaps more complex.
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So far, no comparable shaft is known to exist in the Great Pyramid.
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Ramps, however, are found all over archaeological excavations of ancient Egypt.
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So the most common theories continue to put forward some sort of ramp as the dominant construction model.
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There are other potentially viable scientific theories that try to solve pieces of this puzzle.
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One expert we spoke with suggests multiple smaller ramps from all sides to cut down on construction time.
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But to this day, there is still no generally accepted theory for how they did it.
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In any case, it's good to be wary of all the claims coming out about finally solving the mystery.
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Everyone wants to be the one to definitively figure it out.
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The Great Pyramid is the last of the seven wonders of the world we have left.
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It's so old, even Cleopatra considered it ancient.
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But even though they've been around thousands of years, it's actually very strange we haven't found any blueprints for the pyramids.
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The ancient Egyptians were obsessive documenters.
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We have their tax records, their love poems, their receipts for donkey feed purchases from 4 ,000 years ago.
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But papyri with plans for the pyramids have never been found.
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Whether the plans were lost, hidden, or intentionally destroyed, we don't know.
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But what we do know, and what science might be at the brink of confirming, is already very incredible.
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In 2017, scientists discovered a mysterious void in the Great Pyramid using cutting -edge particle physics.
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Researchers have yet to access these spaces.
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Some archaeologists believe the big void isn't so mysterious, that it's probably just structural, built as a stressful leaving spaces so the inner chambers wouldn't collapse.
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Some believe it helped refine Udan's theory of the Grand Gallery counterweight system.
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Others, including Egypt's top archaeologist, Zahi Hawass, suggest the void might be Khufu's real burial chamber.
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Because that's the other great unsolved mystery of the pyramids.
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Khufu's mummy and all of his treasures have never been found.
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Whatever it's for, the big void reveals there's a lot more investigation needed to fully understand the Great Pyramid.
233
Thank you.
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Лексика и советы по произношению к этому уроку
Этот урок разговорной практики уровня B2 построен на видео «How Were the Pyramids Actually Built?». Чаще всего повторяются слова: pyramid, ramp, block, built, workers. В этом видео 233 предложений и 3410 слов для шедоуинга. Речь длится 18:48. Говорящий говорит быстро, около 181 слов в минуту, поэтому звуки часто сливаются и сокращаются. Только 76% слов входят в 3000 самых частых слов английского языка, поэтому лексика сложная.
Ключевая лексика этого видео
Самые сложные слова из видео (15), с произношением и значением:
| Слово | Произношение | Значение |
|---|---|---|
| pyramid существительное | /ˈpɪɹ.ə.mɪd/ | пирами́да |
| granite существительное | /ˈɡɹæn.ɪt/ | грани́т |
| incline глагол | /ɪnˈklaɪn/ | наклоня́ть, наклони́ть |
| builder существительное | /ˈbɪl.dəɹ/ | строи́тель, строи́тельница |
| elevator существительное | /ˈɛləˌveɪtɚ/ | элева́тор |
| meter существительное | /ˈmitəɹ/ | счётчик, измери́тель |
| archaeological прилагательное | археологи́ческий | |
| shaft существительное | /ˈʃɑːft/ | дре́вко |
| limestone существительное | /ˈlaɪmˌstoʊn/ | известня́к |
| burial существительное | /ˈbɛɹi.əl/ | захороне́ние, погребе́ние |
| void прилагательное | /vɔɪd/ | пустой, порожний |
| beam существительное | /ˈbiːm/ | ба́лка, брус |
| pharaoh существительное | /ˈfɛɹ(ˌ)oʊ/ | фарао́н |
| eternity существительное | /əˈtɜɹnəti/ | ве́чность |
| calculate глагол | /ˈkælkjʊleɪt/ | вычисля́ть, вы́числить |
Фразовые глаголы, которые вы услышите
| Слово | Значение |
|---|---|
| break down глагол | ломаться, сломаться |
| fall apart глагол | распада́ться, распа́сться |
| find out глагол | узнава́ть, узна́ть |
| go out глагол | выходи́ть, вы́йти |
| pull off глагол | оттащить, стянуть |
| put forward глагол | предлага́ть, предложи́ть |
| run along глагол | уходи́ть |
| think through глагол | проду́мывать, проду́мать |
Грамматика в этом видео
Конструкции, которые говорящий использует чаще всего, с точными словами из видео:
| Конструкция | В видео |
|---|---|
| Present Perfect have/has + причастие прошедшего времени — прошлое действие, важное сейчас | has endured · has survived · has found |
| Пассивный залог be + причастие прошедшего времени — важно, что происходит, а не кто это делает | was built · are aligned · is buried |
Произношение, на которое стоит обратить внимание
Говорящий использует 34 сокращённых и редуцированных форм, например doesn't, haven't, isn't. Произносите их коротко, так, как слышите.
- Звуки «th»: underneath /ˌʌndɚˈniθ/, athlete /ˈæθ.liːt/
- Звуки «sh» и «zh»: shaft /ˈʃɑːft/, precision /pɹɪˈsɪʒ.ən/, ambitious /æmˈbɪʃ.əs/, prediction /pɹɪˈdɪkʃən/, speculation /ˌspɛk.jəˈleɪ.ʃən/
- Длинные слова — следите за ударением: elevator /ˈɛləˌveɪtɚ/, eternity /əˈtɜɹnəti/, archaeologist /ˌɑɹ.kiˈɑ.lə.d͡ʒɪst/, kilometre /kɪˈlɑmɪtəɹ/, mysterious /mɪˈstɪɹi.əs/
Как заниматься с этим видео
- Прослушайте всё видео один раз молча и выпишите незнакомые слова.
- Начните со скорости 0,75×, повторяйте предложение за предложением и вернитесь к обычной скорости, когда станет легко.
- Запишите себя и сравните с оригиналом, обращая внимание на такие слова, как pyramid, granite, incline.
Что такое техника Shadowing?
Shadowing — это научно обоснованная техника изучения языка, изначально разработанная для подготовки профессиональных переводчиков и популяризированная полиглотом доктором Александром Аргуэльесом. Метод прост, но эффективен: вы слушаете аудио на английском от носителей языка и немедленно повторяете вслух — как тень, следующая за говорящим с задержкой в 1–2 секунды. В отличие от пассивного прослушивания или грамматических упражнений, Shadowing заставляет мозг и мышцы рта одновременно обрабатывать и воспроизводить реальные речевые паттерны. Исследования показывают, что это значительно улучшает точность произношения, интонацию, ритм, связную речь, понимание на слух и беглость речи — что делает его одним из самых эффективных методов для подготовки к IELTS Speaking и реального общения на английском.